seismic hazards

Question 1

wht are the 5 ways you can predict seisimic hazards

Answer 1

-animal behaviour
-radon gas
-water level
-foreshocks
-seisometers

Question 2

animal behaviour

Answer 2

animals have certain sensory perception that is denied to humans, the stanford research institute have a project called project earthquake watch in which 70 species of animals are studied to look for changes in behaviour.

Question 3

advantages of using animal behaviour

Answer 3

-cheap
-animals can show signs up to several days before the earthquake
-high responses near epicentral regions

Question 4

disadvantages of using animal behaviour

Answer 4

-time consuming
usually only show signs in very high category earthquakes

Question 5

water level

Answer 5

changes in water level can indicate an earthquake, the rise and lowering of water is measured in deep wells 410-670 metres. around 3-10 days beforehand the water level will begin to change

Question 6

advantages of using water level

Answer 6

-easy to measure
-large amount of time to allow people to evacuate

Question 7

disadvantages of using water level

Answer 7

-only happens in certain regions

Question 8

radon gas

Answer 8

radon gas is a radioactive has released prior to an earthquake, stations can measure radon levels up to hundreds of kilometres from the epicentre

Question 9

advantages of using radon gas

Answer 9

-can be measured very far away from the epicentre
-can be measured days before the event

Question 10

disadvantages of using radon gas

Answer 10

–equipment used to measure gas is very expensive
-can cause radiation sickness in some cases

Question 11

what is the epicentre

Answer 11

the first point affected on land

Question 12

what is the focus

Answer 12

the point inside the crust where pressure is released

Question 13

how do seisometers work

Answer 13

Seismometers allow us to detect and measure earthquakes by converting vibrations due to seismic waves into electrical signals,

Question 14

what is a wave

Answer 14

a vibration that transfers energy from one place to another

Question 15

what is a p-wave

Answer 15

the first wave to arrive from an earthquake,they are the fastest and travel in longitudinal direction

Question 16

what is an s-wave

Answer 16

a transverse wave that arrives second after a p-wave.

Question 17

what is a love wave

Answer 17

a seismic wave that occurs at the surface

Question 18

what is the first wave to arrive from an earthquake

Answer 18

a p-wave

Question 19

what is the second wave to arrive froman earthquake

Answer 19

an s-wave

Question 20

what wave occurs on the surface

Answer 20

a love wave

Question 21

what is the point inside the crust where pressure is released

Answer 21

the focus

Question 22

what scales measures the size of an earthquake

Answer 22

the richter scale, the mercalli scale and moment magnitude scale

Question 23

what is the richter scale

Answer 23

a numerical scale for expressing the magnitude of an earthquake on the basis of seismograph oscillations.

Question 24

what does the richter scale go up to

Answer 24

9

Question 25

how do the numbers on a richter scale work

Answer 25

each number increases magnitude by 10x

Question 26

what is the mercalli scale

Answer 26

a scale that measures how much damage is caused by the earthquake based on observations

Question 27

what is the measurements on the mercalli scale

Answer 27

i to xii

Question 28

what is the moment magnitude scale

Answer 28

a scale that measures the total moment release of the earthquake

Question 29

what factors affect how much a place is impacted by an earthquake

Answer 29

-population density -distance from epicenter -time of day -magnitude of earthquake -ability to response -income

Question 30

how does the time of day have different impacts on a place

Answer 30

during the day people are more aware and will have more time to react,so the impacts will be lessened during the day.

Question 31

how does the distance from epicentre have different impacts on a place

Answer 31

the shaking is greatest near the epicentre, so areas in closest proximity will experience the greatest damage

Question 32

what is soil liquefaction

Answer 32

where saturated soil is shaken, creating damaging mudflows

Question 33

where saturated soil is shaken, creating damaging mudflows

Answer 33

soil liquefaction

Question 34

what are the primary impacts of an earthquake

Answer 34

-ground shaking (shockwaves travel from epicentre) -ground rupture -collapsing buildings -death

Question 35

what are secondary impacts of an earthquake

Answer 35

-landslides -soil liquefaction -tsunamis -contaminated water -unemployment

Question 36

how does a tsunami form due to an earthquake

Answer 36

The sudden vertical displacements over such large areas, disturb the ocean's surface, displace water, and generate destructive tsunami waves

Question 37

what can ground shaking lead to

Answer 37

-damaged roads which will restrict access -landslides -collapsing of buildings

Question 38

example of an LIC earthquake

Answer 38

Haiti earthquake

Question 39

what year did the haiti earthquake take place

Answer 39

2010

Question 40

where is haiti

Answer 40

Haiti is located in the Caribbean about 700 miles away from Miami, Florida

Question 41

how many people were effected by the haiti earthquake

Answer 41

3.5 million

Question 42

how many people were estimated to have died in the haiti earthquake

Answer 42

230,000

Question 43

how many schools were destroyed in the haiti earthquake

Answer 43

400

Question 44

how much was the cost of recovery in haiti

Answer 44

11.5 billion

Question 45

what was the total cost of the earthquake in haiti

Answer 45

8 billion, 120% of haitis economy

Question 46

what were the secondary impacts of the haiti earthquake

Answer 46

-diseases spread around camps due to deterioration of sanitation -port was damaged so aid could not be transported there -50,000 people ended up in camps, crime in these camps was severe

Question 47

what are the primary impacts of the haiti earthquake

Answer 47

230,000 deaths Over 1 million left homeless