Self

Question 1

self

Answer 1

independent, autonomous, separate being defined by a unique repertoire of attributes, abilities, thoughts and feelings

Question 2

self-schema

Answer 2

a belief people hold about themselves that guides the processing of self-relevant information

Question 3

culture

Answer 3

the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs of a particular group of people

Question 4

socialization

Answer 4

the process of training people to behave in a way that others in the group think is suitable (begins at family)

Question 5

primary socialization

Answer 5

social norms (gender socialization)

Question 6

secondary socialization

Answer 6

community + media (individual beliefs, behavior and identity)

Question 7

self-concept

Answer 7

sum total of all individual’s beliefs about their personal attributes (set of beliefs that guide the way you process yourself) (cognitive component of the self)

Question 8

self-esteem

Answer 8

an affective component of the self, consisting of a person’s positive and negative self-evaluations

Question 9

affective forecasting

Answer 9

predicting how one would feel in response to future emotional events

Question 10

introspection

Answer 10

the process of attempting to directly access one’s own internal psychological processes, judgments, perceptions, or states

Question 11

self-perception theory

Answer 11

when internal cues are difficult to interpret, people gain self-insight by observing their own behavior

Question 12

better-than-average mentality

Answer 12

tendency of a person to hold overly favorable views of one’s own intellectual and social abilities relative to others

Question 13

impact bias

Answer 13

tendency to overestimate the intensity and duration of our emotional reactions to future circumstances

Question 14

facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 14

changes in facial expression can lead to corresponding change in emotion

Question 15

overjustification effect

Answer 15

tendency for intrinsic motivation to diminish for activities that have become associated with reward or other extrinsic factors

Question 16

intrinsic motivation

Answer 16

an incentive to engage in a specific activity that derives from pleasure in the activity itself (e.g., a genuine interest in a subject studied) rather than because of any external benefits that might be obtained (e.g., money, course credits)

Question 17

extrinsic motivation

Answer 17

an external incentive to engage in a specific activity, especially motivation arising from the expectation of punishment or reward (e.g., completing a disliked chore in exchange for payment)

Question 18

social comparison theory

Answer 18

people evaluate their own abilities and opinions by comparing themselves to others

Question 19

two-factor theory of emotion

Answer 19

experience of emotion is based on 2 factors: physiological arousal and a cognitive interpretation of that arousal

Question 20

autobiographical memories

Answer 20

memory for any information about the self, including not only personal experiences but also self-related factual knowledge, theself-schema, and so forth
→ flashbulb memories

Question 21

self-other knowledge asymmetry model (SOKA)

Answer 21

suggests that because individuals and others differ in their susceptibility to biases or motivations and in the information they have access to, self- and other-knowledge will vary by trait

Question 22

terror management theory

Answer 22

humans cope with fear of their own death by constructing worldviews that help to preserve their self-esteem

Question 23

self-awareness theory

Answer 23

self-focused attention leads people to notice self-discrepancies, thereby motivating either an escape from self-awareness or a change in behavior

Question 24

private self-consciousness

Answer 24

individuals who are introspective, often attending to their own inner states

Question 25

public self-consciousness

Answer 25

individuals who focus on themselves as social objects, as seen by others

Question 26

self-regulation

Answer 26

process by which people control their thoughts, feelings or behavior in order to achieve a personal or social goal

Question 27

implicit egoism

Answer 27

a nonconscious form of self-enhancement

Question 28

self-handicapping

Answer 28

behaviors designed to sabotage one’s own performance in order to provide a subsequent excuse for failure

Question 29

bask in reflected glory

Answer 29

to increase self-esteem by associating with others who are successful

Question 30

downward social comparison

Answer 30

defensive tendency to compare ourselves with others who are worse off than we are

Question 31

self-presentation

Answer 31

strategies people use to shape what others think of them

Question 32

self-monitoring

Answer 32

tendency to change behavior in response to the self-presentation concerns of the situation

Question 33

molecules of the self-concept

Answer 33

actual self + ideal self + ought self

Question 34

constructing the self - internal cues

Answer 34

- introspection - self-perception - autobiographical memories

Question 35

constructing the self - external cues

Answer 35

- social comparison - two-factor theory of emotion - reflected self-appraisal - socialization

Question 36

constructing the self - strategies

Answer 36

- focus on key traits - accessibility - selective memory

Question 37

symbolic interaction

Answer 37

self arises out of human interaction

Question 38

identity

Answer 38

meaning attached to the self by yourself and others

Question 39

self-aspects

Answer 39

summaries of a person’s beliefs about the self in specific domains, roles or activities

Question 40

self-knowledge motives (3)

Answer 40

- self protection → to diminish the negativity of the self - self verification → to be consistent towards others - self-enhancement →. to look good in the eyes of others

Question 41

cultural differences - individualistic culture - definition of self

Answer 41

unique individual - separate from social

Question 42

cultural differences - individualistic culture - structure of the self

Answer 42

unitary & stable - constant across situations & relationships

Question 43

cultural differences - individualistic culture - important features

Answer 43

internal, private self

Question 44

cultural differences - individualistic culture - significant tasks

Answer 44

being unique, expressing yourself

Question 45

cultural differences - collectivistic culture - definition of the self

Answer 45

connected with others in context of social roles

Question 46

cultural differences - collectivistic culture - structure of the self

Answer 46

fluid & variable - changing from one situation/relationship to another

Question 47

cultural differences - collectivistic culture - important features

Answer 47

external, public self

Question 48

cultural differences - collectivistic culture - significant tasks

Answer 48

belonging - fitting in, acting appropriately

Question 49

trait self-esteem

Answer 49

a stable characteristic of an individual's overall evaluation of themselves

Question 50

state self-esteem

Answer 50

an individual's current level of self-worth

Question 51

sociometer theory

Answer 51

a theory holding that self-esteem is important to individuals mainly because it serves as a measure of social appeal (i.e., a sociometer)

Question 52

self-discrepancy

Answer 52

an incongruity between different aspects of one’s self-concept, particularly between one’s actual self and either the ideal self or the ought self

Question 53

self-awareness

Answer 53

self-focused attention or knowledge

Question 54

self-enhancing triad

Answer 54

1. overestimating our good points 2. overestimating our control over events 3. unrealistically optimistic