sem.2exam1

Question 1

The ____ is the person who encodes and delivers a message, and the________ is the person who receives and decodes the message.

Answer 1

sender

receiver

Question 2

A pain impulse is transmitted from the peripheral nerves to the spinal cord, the brainstem, the thalamus, and finally the somatic sensory cortex, where the impulse is perceived as pain. Opioid medications are used to inhibit pain transmission processes.

Answer 2

Transmission:

Question 3

any of a group of drugs that reduce pain, fever, and swelling (inflammation), including aspirin

Answer 3

nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drug

Question 4

Pain management: 3 crucial steps

Answer 4

Assessment
Intervention
Reassessment

Question 5

DAR means

Answer 5

which include D: Data (both subjective and objective), A: Action or nursing intervention, and R: Response of the patient (i.e., evaluation of effectiveness)

Question 6

a systematic, stepwise approach to releasing tension in major muscle groups

Answer 6

progressive muscle relaxation

Question 7

is the person’s conscious awareness of the pain. Nonpharmacologic interventions such as distraction, guided imagery and music therapy can be used to reduce the perception of pain.

Answer 7

Perception

Question 8

is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

Answer 8

Pain

Question 9

is an assessment and communication technique that allows nurses to better understand and perceive the emotions of themselves and others.

Answer 9

Emotional intelligence (EI)

Question 10

a patient meets all standards unless otherwise documented.

Answer 10

charting by exception (CBE)

Question 11

The ______ motivates one person to communicate with another

Answer 11

referent

Question 12

is a powerful form of communication that you use as a professional nurse. This level of communication is also called self-talk. People’s thoughts and inner communications strongly influence perceptions, feelings, behavior, and self-esteem.

Answer 12

Intrapersonal communication

Question 13

is a technique that holds promise for encouraging patients to share their thoughts, beliefs, fears, and concerns with the aim of changing their behavior.

Answer 13

Motivational interviewing (MI)

Question 14

is one-on-one interaction between a nurse and another person that often occurs face to face. It is the level most frequently used in nursing situations and lies at the heart of nursing practice. It takes place within a social context and includes all the symbols and cues used to give and receive meaning.

Answer 14

Interpersonal communication

Question 15

of pain occurs as descending regulatory mechanisms help prevent continuous transmission of pain signals. Adjuvant medications such as tricyclic antidepressants modulate pain by promoting reuptake of endorphins.

Answer 15

Modulation

Question 16

is an alternative approach to communication with an older adult who is confused.

accepts the description of time and place as stated by the older adult.

Answer 16

Validation therapy

Question 17

It is a drug delivery system that allows patients to self-administer opioids (usually morphine, hydromorphone, or fentanyl) with minimal risk of overdose.

Answer 17

patient-controlled analgesia

Question 18

absence of sensitivity to pain

Answer 18

analgesia

Question 19

one of a group of analgesics that act on higher centers of the brain and spinal cord to modify perceptions of moderate to severe pain

Answer 19

opioid

Question 20

the process of gradually adjusting the dose of a medication until the desired effect is achieved

Answer 20

titration

Question 21

are interprofessional care plans that identify patient problems, key interventions, and expected outcomes within an established time frame

Answer 21

. Critical pathways (also known as clinical pathways, practice guidelines, critical pathways, or CareMap® tools)

Question 22

area of skin supplied with afferent nerve fibers from a single posterior spinal root

Answer 22

dermatome

Question 23

______ or workplace bullying between colleagues sometimes occurs and includes behaviors such as withholding information, backbiting, making snide remarks or put downs, and nonverbal expressions of disapproval such as raising eyebrows or making faces.

Answer 23

Lateral violence

Question 24

a type of pain usually felt as burning or tingling and resulting from direct stimulation of nerve tissue of the peripheral or central nervous system

Answer 24

neuropathic pain

Question 25

is a dysfunction of mechanisms that regulate sleep and wake states. Excessive daytime sleepiness is the most common complaint associated with this disorder. During the day a person suddenly feels an overwhelming wave of sleepiness and falls asleep

Answer 25

Narcolepsy

Question 26

is a problem many patients experience as a result of dyssomnia. Causes include symptoms (e.g., fever, difficulty breathing, or pain) caused by illnesses, emotional stress, medications, environmental disturbances

Answer 26

Sleep deprivation

Question 27

assesses sleep quality and patterns

Answer 27

Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index

Question 28

sleep Sleep that occurs during the first four stages of normal sleep.

Answer 28

nonrapid eye movement (NREM)

Question 29

spreading of the pain "message" across the various nerve fibers linking the pain impulse to the brain

Answer 29

transmission

Question 30

a drug delivery system that uses a computerized pump with a button the patient can press to deliver a dose of an analgesic through an intravenous catheter

Answer 30

patient controlled analgesia

Question 31

smart goal means

Answer 31

``` S: specific M: measurable A: Achievable R: Relevant T: Time Bound ```

Question 32

treatment approaches used to complement conventional medical treatments

Answer 32

complimentary therapies

Question 33

, chronic pain that persists in the absence of a detectable cause.

Answer 33

idiopathic pain

Question 34

All people have ______ that synchronize their sleep cycles.

Answer 34

biological clocks

Question 35

are computerized programs used within the health care setting to aid and support clinical decision making.

Answer 35

Clinical decision support systems (CDSSs)

Question 36

three types of analgesics:

Answer 36

nonopioids, including acetaminophen and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs opioids (traditionally called narcotics); and adjuvants or co-analgesics, a variety of medications that enhance analgesics or have analgesic properties that were originally unknown

Question 37

Type of nerve block anesthesia in which an anesthetic is intermittently or continuously injected into the lumbosacral region of the spinal cord.

Answer 37

epidural infusion

Question 38

are sleep problems that are more common in children than adults. Some have hypothesized that sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is thought to be related to apnea, hypoxia, and cardiac arrhythmias caused by abnormalities in the autonomic nervous system that are manifested during sleep

Answer 38

The parasomnias

Question 39

to facilitate the creation and documentation of a nursing and or interprofessional plan of care.

Answer 39

standardized care plans or clinical practice guidelines (CPGs)

Question 40

anything longer than ____ is considered a long term patient goal

Answer 40

in a shift to 24 hours

Question 41

is a system of organizing documentation to place the primary focus on patients' individual problems.

Answer 41

problem-oriented medical record (POMR)

Question 42

he dose of a particular drug beyond which additional amounts of the same drug do not increase the analgesic effect

Answer 42

analgesic ceiling

Question 43

is the interaction that occurs when a small number of people meet. This type of communication is usually goal directed and requires an understanding of group dynamics.

Answer 43

Small-group communication

Question 44

are classifications based on a patient's primary and secondary medical diagnoses that are used as the basis for establishing Medicare reimbursement for patient care

Answer 44

Diagnosis-related groups (DRGs)

Question 45

is a symptom that patients experience when they have chronic difficulty falling asleep, frequent awakenings from sleep, and/or a short sleep or nonrestorative sleep

Answer 45

Insomnia

Question 46

are prescribed for moderate-to-severe pain. These analgesics act on higher centers of the brain and spinal cord by binding with opiate receptors to modify perceptions of pain. Examples of opioids include morphine, codeine, hydromorphone (Dilaudid), fentanyl, oxycodone, and hydrocodone (Vicodin, Lortab).

Answer 46

Opioid or opioid-like analgesics

Question 47

is a generalized impairment of intellectual functioning that interferes with social and occupational functioning.

Answer 47

Dementia

Question 48

is a disorder characterized by the lack of airflow through the nose and mouth for periods of 10 seconds or longer during sleep. There are three types central, obstructive, and mixed

Answer 48

Sleep apnea

Question 49

is a broad term that refers to all factors that influence communication

Answer 49

Metacommunication

Question 50

is the use of technology to create ongoing relationships with patients and their health care team.

Answer 50

Electronic communication

Question 51

a peripheral sensory receptor for pain, stimulated by various types of tissue injury

Answer 51

nociceptor

Question 52

is interaction with an audience. Nurses often speak with groups of consumers about health-related topics, present scholarly work to colleagues at conferences, or lead classroom 319discussions with peers or students.

Answer 52

Public communication

Question 53

pain that results from activating the pain receptors of organs in the thoracic, pelvic, or abdominal cavities and is felt as a generalized aching or cramping sensation sometimes referred to the surface of the body

Answer 53

visceral pain

Question 54

evaluates the severity of EDS

Answer 54

Epworth Sleepiness Scale

Question 55

an abnormal burning, prickling, tingling, or numbing sensation or hypersensitivity most often felt in the extremities and typically associated with neuropathic pain

Answer 55

paresthesia

Question 56

, considered one of the most tolerated and safest analgesics available, is available in a variety of over-the-counter (OTC) oral medications (e.g., cold and flu remedies) or rectal forms and in an intravenous (IV) preparation (Ofirmev).

Answer 56

Acetaminophen (Tylenol)

Question 57

or acute confusional state, is a potentially reversible cognitive impairment that often has a physiological caus

Answer 57

Delirium

Question 58

generally well-localized pain that results from activation of peripheral pain receptors without injury to the peripheral nerve or central nervous system, such as musculoskeletal pain Comes from bone, joint, muscle, skin, or connective tissue; is usually aching or throbbing in quality and well localized

Answer 58

somatic pain

Question 59

medication injected via a catheter into the space between the dura mater and the lining of the spinal canal to create a regional nerve block; also called epidural anesthesia

Answer 59

spinal anesthesia

Question 60

The most familiar rhythm is the 24-hour, day-night cycle known as the diurnal or _________

Answer 60

circadian rhythm

Question 61

determine the hours of care and number of staff required for a given group of patients every shift or every 24 hours.

Answer 61

acuity ratings

Question 62

is the “application of computer and information science in all basic and biomedical sciences to facilitate the acquisition, processing, interpretation, optimal use, and communication of health-related data.

Answer 62

. Health informatics

Question 63

The most familiar rhythm is the 24-hour, day-night cycle known as the diurnal or _______

Answer 63

circadian rhythm

Question 64

or sudden muscle weakness during intense emotions such as anger, sadness, or laughter, occurs at any time during the day.

Answer 64

Cataplexy,

Question 65

is a communication technique that makes an older adult more aware of time, place, and person.

Answer 65

Reality orientation

Question 66

: Sensory neurons detect tissue damage through neurotransmitter sensitization of nociceptors. Pain medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) work at this level by blocking the production of substances at the site of injury such as prostaglandin.

Answer 66

Transduction

Question 67

Pain that occurs sporadically over an extended period of time is episodic pain. Pain episodes last for hours, days, or weeks.

Answer 67

Chronic Episodic Pain.

Question 68

substance used as a pain reliever; a drug that acts to reduce pain, including over-the-counter drugs such as aspirin as well as those available by prescription only

Answer 68

analgesic

Question 69

an adaptive state characterized by a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response

Answer 69

tolerance

Question 70

sleep Stage of sleep in which dreaming and rapid eye movements are prominent; important for mental restoration.

Answer 70

rapid eye movement (REM)

Question 71

a pain rating scale using a straight line; the left end of the line represents no pain, the right end represents the worst pain, and patients mark the place on the line that best represents the severity of their pain

Answer 71

visual analog scale

Question 72

Routine Clinical Approach to Pain Assessment and Management ABCDE

Answer 72

A: Ask about pain regularly. Assess pain systematically. B: Believe patient and family in their report of pain and what relieves it. C: Choose pain control options appropriate for the patient, family, and setting. D: Deliver interventions in a timely, logical, and coordinated fashion. E: Empower patients and their families. Enable them to control their course to the greatest extent possible.

Question 73

a drug primarily used to treat something other than pain but also enhances pain relief

Answer 73

adjuvant analgesia

Question 74

the level of pain a person is willing to endure

Answer 74

pain tollerence

Question 75

Property of the health care institution Cannot be released without consent, subpoenas, or court order

Answer 75

The Client Chart/Record

Question 76

incorporates the principles of nursing informatics to support the work that nurses do by facilitating documentation of nursing process activities and offering resources for managing nursing care delivery.

Answer 76

nursing clinical information system (NCIS)

Question 77

the point at which a person feels pain

Answer 77

pain threshold

Question 78

medication injected via a catheter into the space between the dura mater and the lining of the spinal canal to create a regional nerve block; also called spinal anesthesia

Answer 78

epidural anesthesia

Question 79

a flaring of moderate to severe pain despite therapeutic doses of analgesics

Answer 79

breakthrough pain

Question 80

the ability of a drug to achieve its desired effect

Answer 80

efficacy

Question 81

is being self-directed and independent in accomplishing goals and advocating for others.

Answer 81

Autonomy

Question 82

SOAPIE

Answer 82

``` S: Subjective data O: Objective data A: Assessment P: Plan I: intervention E: evaluation. ```

Question 83

``` Drugs and substances Lifestyle Usual sleep patterns Emotional stress Environment Food and caloric intake Exercise and fatigue Age ```

Answer 83

Factors influencing sleep