Semantic

Question 1

Semantics

Answer 1

The study of the meaning of morphemes, words, phrases and sentences.

Question 2

Pragmatics

Answer 2

The meaning of language in its context of use.

Question 3

Metaphor

Answer 3

A figure of speech in which a term is transferred from the object it ordinarily designates to an object it may designate only by implicit comparison or analogy.

Question 4

Metonymy

Answer 4

A figure of speech in which an attribute or commonly associated feature is used to name or designate something.

Question 5

Synecdoche

Answer 5

A figure of speech by which a more inclusive term is used for a less inclusive one, or vice versa.

Question 6

Syntagmatic

Answer 6

The way lexemes are related in sentences.

Question 7

Paradigmatic

Answer 7

The way words can substitute for each other in the same sentence context.

Question 8

Synonymy

Answer 8

Sameness of meaning (pavement is a synonym of sidewalk).

Question 9

Hyponymy

Answer 9

Inclusion of meaning (cat is a hyponym of animal).

Question 10

Antonymy

Answer 10

oppositeness of meaning (big is an antonym of small)

Question 11

Incompatibility

Answer 11

Mutual exclusiveness within the same superordinate category (e.g. red and green).

Question 12

Polysemy

Answer 12

It has several meanings (e.g. “louse” the bug and “louse” the despicable person).

Question 13

Homonymy

Answer 13

Two words are homonyms if they are (accidentally) pronounced the same (e.g. too and two).

Question 14

Compositional Semantics

Answer 14

The meaning of a phrase is determined by combining the meanings of its subphrases, using rules which are driven by the syntactic structure.

Question 15

Reference (Extension)

Answer 15

What it corresponds to in the world.

Question 16

Sense (Intension)

Answer 16

What we know about its meaning, whether or not we know anything about its extension, and indeed whether or not it has an extension.

Question 17

Possible Worlds Semantics

Answer 17

We imagine that there are indefinitely many possible worlds in addition to the actual one, and now a concept – such as dog – is no longer just a set, but rather is a function from worlds to sets.

Question 18

Referent

Answer 18

The entity identified by the use of a referring expression such as a noun or noun phrase is the referent of that expression.

Question 19

Anaphora

Answer 19

A linguistic expression that refers to another linguistic expression is said to be anaphoric or an anaphor.

Question 20

Deixis

Answer 20

A deictic expression has one meaning but can refer to different entities depending on the speaker and his or her spatial and temporal orientation.

Question 21

Prototype

Answer 21

A typical member of the extension of a referring expression is a prototype of that expression.

Question 22

Stereotype

Answer 22

A list of characteristics describing a prototype is said to be a stereotype.

Question 23

Denotative Meaning

Answer 23

The logical meaning, which indicates the essential qualities of a concept which distinguish it from other concepts.

Question 24

Connotative Meaning

Answer 24

The additional or associated meaning, which is attached to the denotative, conceptual meaning. It consists of associations made with a concept whenever that concept is referred to.

Question 25

Social meaning

Answer 25

It is the meaning that a word possesses by virtue of its use in particular social situations and circumstances.

Question 26

Thematic Meaning

Answer 26

It lies in the manner in which a message is organized for emphasis.

Question 27

Metonymy

Answer 27

This relationship is essentially based on a close connection in everyday experience.

Question 28

Collocation

Answer 28

Those words which tend to occur with other words; e.g. hammer collocates with nail; wife with husband and knife with fork.

Question 29

Analytic Sentences

Answer 29

One that is necessarily true simply by virtue of the words in it.

Question 30

Contradictory Sentences

Answer 30

Are necessarily false for the same reason.