Semantics Flashcards
(30 cards)
Semantics
the study of meaning in language
signifier
relation between the word
signified
the concept
Referent
The entity identified by the use of a referring expression such as a noun or noun phrase is the referent of
that expression.
Extension
the set of all potential referents for a referring expression.
Prototype
typical member of the extension of a referring expression is a prototype of that expression.
Stereotype
ist of characteristics describing a prototype is said to be a stereotypes
Coreference
Two linguistic expressions that refer to the same real-world entity are said to be coreferential
Anaphora
linguistic expression that refers to another linguistic expression is said to be anaphoric or an anaphor.
Deixis
A deictic expression has one meaning but can refer to different entities depending on the speaker and his or her spatial and temporal orientation.
Principle of Compositionality
The semantic meaning of any unit of language is determined by the semantic meanings of its parts along with the way they are put together
Lexical semantics
the meaning of a word often influences how it fits into syntax
Denotative meaning
The logical meaning, which indicates the essential qualities of a concept which distinguish it from other concepts.
Connotative meaning.
The additional or associated meaning, which is attached to the denotative, conceptual meaning. It consists of associations made with a concept whenever that concept is referred to
Social meaning
t is the meaning that a word possesses by virtue of its use in particular social situations and
circumstances.
Thematic meaning.
t lies in the manner in which a message is organized for emphasis.
The Theory of Naming
a communication system which works with two elements; the signifier, and the signified.Traditional grammar was based on the assumption that the word was the basic unit of syntax and semantics. The word was a „sign‟ composed of two parts, or components: the form (signifier)
and its meaning (signified).
The Conceptual Theory of Meaning
n the theory of meaning, just explained, words and things are directly related.
But in the conceptual theory of meaning words and things are related through the mediation of concepts of the mind. Ogden and Richards (1923) saw this relationship as a triangle:
The Behavioristic Theory of Meaning
These two maintained that the description of a language is not complete
without some reference to the context of situation in which the language operated. A more extreme view sees the meaning of the linguistic elements AS the situation in which the word is used. Bloomfield, the structuralist, maintained
this behavioristic view.
Location
It explains where an entity is
Source
From where an entity moves
Goal
Where an entity moves to
Synonymy
Two or more forms with very closely related meanings, which are often, but not always, intersubstitutable in sentence
Antonymy
two forms with opposite meanings are called antonyms. Antonyms are usually of two main kinds:
1) Gradable:
2) Non-Gradable (complementary pairs)
