Semantics (mix) Flashcards

Question

proposition can be what?

Answer 1

1- one proposition can be a number of sentences. EX: A: john ate the apple, B: the apple was eaten.

Answer 2

proposition= form of action + agent + the theme/patient. EX from john ate the apple and apple was eaten: EAT ( John, apple)

Answer 3

1-the essential core meaning of sentences. 2- It is not tied to language or grammar.

Answer 4

in translation, EX, it will take the sentence "John ate the apple" and convert it into a PRO. EAT(John, apple) then it will apply the grammatical rules of the language we are translating to "اكل جون التفاحه"

Answer 5

Reference and sense.

Answer 6

It is a speaker's act. It shows the speaker's intention. For example, "watch out for THE DOG." The expression "the dog" is used to refer to an object or a referent (dog)

Answer 7

when we say "watch out for the dog" if we are listening, and hear this, we would think of a mental image of the word "dog" this mental image is what we call 0concept/mental representation (sense

Answer 8

based on our knowledge of the sense of the thing.

Answer 9

the sense of the expression

Answer 10

It explains how we get the meaning of a linguistic expression. EX: 1—When we say the ling expression "dog," an image comes to our mind. This is the sense. Also, this linguistic expression denotes an object in the real world, which is the referent.

Answer 11

The ling expression stands as a signal that signifies/denotes the object in the real world. It is purely linguistic, it is not part of what the speaker does. It is what the linguistic expression does all by itself

Answer 12

reason for that , the sense of the expression has a stable relation. Every time we mention the word "dog" we get the same image. This image will always determine or limit the possibility of what could be ex, "dog" in the real world. Reference on the other hand is a speaker's act. It has to do with the speaker's intentions, and the context it is used in

Answer 13

"Look at the ugly thing", the speaker intended to refer to a dog, for example, the speaker also had in mind that the listener would be able to understand.

Answer 14

referring to a teacher as "student" the word student will always mean student, this is what we call a stable relation. reference on the other hand, takes into consideration the intention, so it is not stable

Answer 15

Linguistic expression can be anything, such as it, the, the, at, or dog. The referring expression can only be "dog"

Answer 16

Denotational theory, and representational theory

Answer 17

it suggests that there is a direct relation between the ling.expression (word) and the object in the real world. Meaning = denotation ---> relation between word and the object.

Answer 18

semantics is denotation. you understand the meaning of something because you know what it denotes. EX: proper names denote people, verbs denote actions. the issue with it, is that some words denote nothing. ex: Santa, unicorn etc.

Answer 19

words have sense, and this sense determines the word's intended referent, and what it can denote. this is representational semantics: meaning = mental representation.

Answer 20

1- image theory. 2- classical theory/ necessary/sufficient conditions theory. 3- causal theory. 4- prototype theory.

Answer 21

it is a theory that suggests when a linguistic expression is uttered, the concept we think of is an actual image, and this image helps us identify which object it refers to.

Answer 22

the problem with taking our concept from an image is that we have different images of the same expression. EX: dog, each has a certain image of a dog. and if we agree on "one image" then how are we going to deal with different looking "dogs"?

Answer 23

when we say "dog" the sense or concept in our minds is a set or list of conditions that the ling.expression must meet. EX: dog= +alive +tail +4 legged -meow

Answer 24

we tend to not agree on all of the necessary conditions. In addition, how many of these conditions must be met in order to be considered a part of that group? it has no fuzziness. Either you are part of it or not. EX: Bird = +fly +feathers +animal a chicken meets 2 of these, but cannot fly, is it part of this group or not? a penguin has none of them except one, and it can swim, and yet it is a bird.

Answer 25

it suggests there is an initial naming event. Ex: someone discovered gold with all of its characters, and gave its name. we as people dont know all of these characters or what "gold" exactly means, and we use it nonetheless. under it there is: 1- naming event / 2- no care for the details of it / 3- it becomes part of our daily use.

Answer 26

if we are to say "think of a bird" first thing comes to mind is most likely a canary (here also depends on where u are) , and a penguin is the last thing that comes to mind. one is a perfect example, and the other is not. This is called asymmetry, which is faced by both the classical and causal theories

Answer 27

it means one concept may be closer example of one category than another.

Answer 28

it suggests that there are degrees of memberships. There is a central/prototypical member, which is the one that first comes to mind when we mention "bird" (depends on different cultures) EX: sparrow, canary, and blue jay are a close example of a bird. bat and penguin are further away.

Answer 29

ex: sparrow is a good example of a bird because it is close to it and resembles it. Penguin isnt, because it is further away. However, at the same time, a penguin is a very good example of an animal that can swim.

Answer 30

1- definite reference - the man is here 2- indefinite reference - a man is here 3- generic reference - the man is the smartest creature.

Answer 31

The identity. Ex: "the man is here" the identity of the man is essential, and we know that because: 1- The speaker assumes you know the man, which means it is essential for you to know how to communicate 2- We know it is crucial because first question would come to mind is "what/which man" For example in indefinite reference, we would ask "why is a man here" to "a man is here"

Answer 32

the class/category. EX: the man is the smartest creature, a man is the smartest creature.

Answer 33

EX: 1- "Certain men are smart" Here we are not talking about all people, but rather about a few individuals. Is it important to know them? NO. 2- "This student in my class is smart" "This" emphasizes that there is someone in my class who is smart. Him being smart is the TOPIC

Answer 34

1- non-specific reference 2- specific reference EX: "To open the door, you have to say a word" if you have to say "any word" ex, hi, you, cat etc, then it is non-specific. if it is specific, the identity of the word is important, then it is specific.

Answer 35

through: 1- personal pronouns 2- deictic reference 3- proper names 4- definite descriptions

Answer 36

it is called "pointing language" it relates people and objects to time and place.

Answer 37

1-person deixis 2- time deixis 3- place deixis

Answer 38

has three kinds: 1- relates to the speaker or addressee (I, me, you, yours etc) 2- does not relate to speaker or addressee (he, him, her, she, it etc) 3- Honorifics (sir, mam, pro, docter etc)

Answer 39

1- time deixis connects people/objects to time. EX: last week, next month etc 2- place deixis shows the proximity of one person or object from another person or object. How can we show them? using single words: here, there / expressions: i moved away etc

Answer 40

through proper names

Answer 41

they establish a relation between a name and a person. the reason we say that is because names have no meanings. And if they do, the meaning does not apply to the holder. In addition, since they are referential we can skip going through sense.

Answer 42

"Naming and necessity", a thought experiment, was introduced. EX: Shakespeare: we all know him as the person who wrote Hamlet. If we ask, "Who wrote Hamlet?" the answer would be Shakespeare. Now if it wasn't him who wrote it, now we have no discretion of him. However, we can still relate to him

Answer 43

Theories of proper names: 1- Description theory 2- Casual theory

Answer 44

1- description theory states: to know what a name refers to you must know the the description of it. However, as for the Shakespeare example this wont work. 2- casual theory: states that: there is no need for description. But the naming event what matters and that name becomes common sense. IMO, the casual theory has sense, because we "name" before we have description. However, we cannot have only names, because there are many people with the same name, this is something the description theory fills in

Answer 45

because a word can have multiple senses. EX: bank, and Bank

Answer 46

sense relations are divided into: 1- Homonymy and Polysemy 2- Semantic similarity (synonymy) 3- Semantic opposition. 4- Taxonomic or Hierarchical relations

Answer 47

1- homonymy: senses are unrelated. However, they can be related by: 1) sound (homophony) = two unrelated senses, but sound similar. EX: ring and wring / or 2) the orthography (spelling) = two unrelated senses, but look similar. EX: house (as a V) and house (as a N)

Answer 48

Senses are related. EX: magazine "the weekly magazine" & "my gun magazine"

Answer 49

we have two: 1- Synonymy: different phonological words, with highly related meanings(senses)EX: sofa/couch. Synonymy doesnt equal same meaning. EX: sofa: means something elegant or formal, couch means something comfortable. 2- Similarities: is a broader term, it does not deal with sameness/similarity of meaning, but relatedness. EX: car/ truck, ship/boat. these words are related in the sense a car has wheels so does a truck.

Answer 50

1-Antonymy which is divided into: 2- revers. 3- convers. 1

Answer 51

1- gradable 2- truth of one does not imply the falsity of the other. 3- modifiable by intensifiers. EX: very hot or cold, slightly. 4- global dependency, if something is big. EX: big elephant and big any. we mean that it is big for something of type elephant, and ant

Answer 52

Antonymy, which is divided into: 1- simple antonymy: either or not, zero or one relation. EX: dead or alive. 2- gradable antonymy: has some sense of gradation (scaling). EX: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 / hot warm, tepid, cool, cold.

Answer 53

1- reverse: two words that reverse each other are related in movement and have a reverse effect. EX: explosion and implosion 2- converse: an opposition. There is one action or state and taken from two different points of view. EX: witer ---> book <--reader

Answer 54

We have 6 types of it: 1- Taxonomy 2- Hyponymy 3- lexicalised taxonomy/hierarchy 4- part-whole relation (meronymy) 5- member-collection relation 6 portion-mass relation

Answer 55

a hierarchical relation that we impose out of nowhere on a continuum. EX: colours. we tend to put them in some kind of a structure to make them easier to remember. in it, all the elements on the bottom level are the same, and called "taxonomic sisters"

Answer 56

a vertical relation between senses. characteristics of it: 1- levels of conceptual representation 2- inclusion 3- transitivity

Answer 57

1- levels of conceptual representation: if Y is X, then X is the superordinate/hypernym of Y. Y is the subordinate/hyponym of X 2- inclusion: if Y is a hyponym of X, then Y contains the meaning/property of X + something else. EX: canary has the meaning of bird + sing 3- transitivity: if X is a Y, and Y is an Z, then X is a Z and Z. EX: canany is a bird, bird is an animal.

Semantics (mix) Flashcards

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