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Semester 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Controls which materials move in or out of the cell; protects the cell from outside infulences

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2
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains the genetic information that controls all cellular functions; every cell, no matter what its shape or function, contains the same set of genes (or DNA)

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3
Q

Nucleolus

A

Site of ribosome production; ribosome components are made here and then assembled in the cyoplasm

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4
Q

Ribosomes

A

Not organelles (no membrane); make proteins

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5
Q

Proteins

A

Sometimes structural; most proteins are enzymes, which are the tools for making everything in the cell; these tools need to be replaced regularly

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6
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

Extensive membrane system within the cell

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7
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Studded with ribosomes that make proteins.

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8
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Not studded with ribosomes. Makes cell membranes and lipids and detoxify foreign materials.

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9
Q

Golgi Bodies

A

Warehouses of the cell. Products made elsewhere in the cell are stored, transformed, and shipped out to the plasma membrane from here.

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10
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contains harsh chemicals for breaking down food, recycling old cell materials, regulating waste materials, and pre-programmed cell death.

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11
Q

Microtubules and Microfilaments

A

Provide structure for cells, especially animal cells; make cilia

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12
Q

Flagellum

A

Long, hair-like structure that allows swimming movement of cell, especially for unicellular organisms

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13
Q

Cilia

A

Rows of smaller hair-like structures used for locomotion, especially in unicellular organisms

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14
Q

Vesicles

A

Small transport pods that move materials around a cell; surrounded by membrane

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15
Q

Vacuoles

A

Larger membrane-bound structures used for storage of cellular materials

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16
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouses of the cell; responsible for most of the energy production from the digestion of food

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17
Q

Cell Wall

A

Made mostly of cellulose; provides shape and protection for the plant cell

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18
Q

Cellulose

A

A complex sugar in cell walls; structural carbohydrate

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19
Q

Central Vacuole

A

Used primarily for storage of water; this water is used for photosynthesis and for keeping the cell shape rigid

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20
Q

Cytoplasmic Streaming

A

Movement of cellular materials around the huge central vacuole; necessary because the central vacuole prevents movement through the cell;s center

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21
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Site of photosynthesis; contains chlorophyll

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22
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Surrounds the cell, selectively letting in or out only certain materials via protein gates

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23
Q

Which increases faster: volume or surface area?

A

Volume

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24
Q

The size of a cell is usually determined by…

A

Its surface area. The SA determines the speed with which materials pass into or out of the cell.

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25
Cytoplasm
Material between the outer plasma membrane and the inner nuclear membrane. Contains all of the fluid, membrane-bound organelles, and the other cellular components
26
Organelles
Working part of a cell that is surrounded by a membrane and does a particular job.
27
Light Microscopes...
Can view living cells, but do not have high magnification or definition
28
Electron Microscopes...
Have high magnification and definition, but the procedure kills the cells
29
Centrifugation
Used to study organelle function. Crushes large numbers of cells and spinning them at progressively higher speeds so that the densest organelle precipitates at the lowest speed and is poured and sped again until all the organelles have been separated from one another.
30
Diffusion
Movement of small molecules through any membrane from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration
31
Osmosis
The diffusion of water. Water moves faster across membranes than ions because of this.
32
Protein Gates
Determine what large molecules may get into the cell
33
Endocytosis
Very large quantities of material moving into a cell; swallowing
34
Exocytosis
Very large quantities of material moving out of a cell; throwing up
35
Eukaryote
Organism with a nucleus
36
Prokaryote
Organism without a nucleus
37
Cylosol
Liquid in cytoplasm
38
Chromosomes
Provide instructions for making proteins
39
Proteins
Two kinds: structural or enzymes
40
Centriole
Used in cell division
41
Phospholipids
Building blocks of membranes. Control the substances that enter and leave the cells; lipids
42
Passive Transport
Free movement through protein gates from areas of high concentration to low concentration; doesn't use energy
43
Active Transport
It costs energy to move through protein gates
44
Endosymbiont Hypothesis
Once individual beings, now part of of others
45
Isotonic
Same amount of something dissolved in and outside the cell; plants want to be this
46
Hypotonic
More stuff dissolved inside the cells than outside; cells lose water
47
Hypertonic
More stuff dissolved outside the cells than inside; cells burst from too much water
48
Pompe's Disease
Problems with lysosome enzymes: don't have the enzymes to break down glycogen
49
Tay-sax Disease
Problems with lysosome enzymes: inability to break down lysosomes in brain
50
Carobohydrates
Include sugars, starches, and cellulose. Store energy and provide shape to organisms
51
Monosaccharides
"Single sugars"
52
Disaccharides
"Double sugars"
53
Sugars
Small, simple carbohydrates. Simple sugars are the easist for the body to break down.
54
Polysaccharides
"Many sugars" Formed from monosaccharides and disaccharides linking together
55
Starch
Polysaccharide in plants used for storing energy.
56
Glycogen
Polysaccharide in animals used for storing energy; formed in the muscles and the liver
57
Lipids
Includes fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids
58
Fats and Oils
Used for long-term storage. Fats are also used for insulation
59
Waxes
Repel water
60
Steroids
Serve structural and control functions in the body.
61
Cholesterol
A steroid that is a component of membranes
62
Proteins
More than half the body's dry weight. Large, complex molecules made of 20 amino acids.
63
Actin and Myosin
Proteins necessary for the contraction of muscle fibers
64
Collagen
Most abundant protein in humans; forms bones, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage
65
Enzymes
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in cells
66
Hemoglobin
Protein that carries oxygen through the bloodstreams
67
Casein
Proteins that store amino acids in milk for use by some newborn animals
68
Antibodies
Proteins that help animals fight off invasion by viruses and bacteria.
69
Nucleic Acids
Large, complex molecules that contain hereditary information and make proteins
70
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Carries instructions that control the activities of a cell
71
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Makes copies of DNA to make proteins
72
Element
Substance that cannot be broken down by chemical processes into simpler subtances
73
Compound
A substance made of two or more elements chemically combined in definite proportions
74
Organic Compounds
Contain carbon and generally associated with living things
75
Most Common Elements in the Human Body
Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus
76
Ions
An atom that has lost or gained electrons
77
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons. Radioactive isotopes act as tags or tracers that can be used to determine the age of something or can be used to preserve food or treat cancer
78
Chemical Bonds
The attractions that hold two or more atoms together to form a compound
79
Ionic Bonds
The chemical bond formed from the attractive force between ions with opposite charges. Electrons are lost by one ion and gained by another.
80
Covalent Bonds
Chemical bond where valence electrons are shared. Units formed are called molecules
81
Single Covalent Bond
Covalent bond where two electrons are shared
82
Double Covalent Bond
Covalent bond where four electrons are shared
83
Triple Covalent Bond
Covalent bond where six electrons are shared.
84
Polar Molecules
Covalent bond where atoms do not share electrons equally and sides of the atom become charged

Biology (10 decks)

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