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Psychology > Semester 1 > Flashcards

Semester 1 Flashcards

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0
Q

William James

A

One of the founders of American psychology; published Principles of Psychology

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1
Q

Psychology

A

Science of behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

Neuroscience/Biological Perspective

A

Brain and nervous system control behavior

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3
Q

Evolutionary Perspective

A

Principle of evolution to explain behavior

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4
Q

Behavioral Perspective

A

Behavior based on experience or learning; conditioning

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5
Q

Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytical Perspective

A

Behavior reflect combinations of conscious and unconscious influences; early childhood experiences; Sigmund Freud

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6
Q

Humanistic Perspective

A

Emphasized that people have free will, self concepts, and are basically good

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7
Q

Cognitive Perspective

A

How knowledge is acquired, organized, remembered, and used to guide behavior

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8
Q

Developmental Perspective

A

Interaction between heredity and environment; change across the life span

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9
Q

Sociocultural Perspective

A

Impact that society, culture, ethnicity, race, and religion have on personality

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10
Q

Behavioral Genetics Perspective

A

How much genes and environment (nature vs. nurture) influence

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11
Q

Clinical Psychologist (Ph.d)

A

Studies, assesses, and treats troubled people with psychotherapy

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12
Q

Psychiatrist (M.D)

A

Medical professional who uses treatments like drugs and psychotherapy to treat psychologically diseased patients

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13
Q

Critical Thinking

A

Does not blindly accept conclusions; evaluates evidence

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14
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Observing and recording behavior in naturally ocurring situations

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15
Q

Experiment

A

Investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe their effect on some behavior or mental process

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16
Q

Positive Correlation

A

Two variables vary systematically in the SAME direction

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17
Q

Negative Correlation

A

Two variables vary systematically in OPPOSITE directions

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18
Q

Independent Variable

A

Factor that is manipulated; variable whose effect is being studied

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19
Q

Dependent Variable

A

Factor that may change in response to manipulations; usually a behavior or mental process

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20
Q

Experimental Condition/Group

A

Exposes participants to the treatment

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21
Q

Control Condition/Group

A

Contrasts with experimental treatment; serves as a comparison

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22
Q

Placebo

A

Inert substance or condition administered instead of a presumed active agent to see if it triggers the effect

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23
Q

Double-Blind Procedure

A

Both participants and staff are ignorant (blind) about treatment or placebo

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24
Phrenology (Franz Gall)
Study of the bumps on your head
25
Action Potential
Neural impulse that carries information along the axon of a neuron
26
Synapse
Junction between axon tip of sending neuron and the denrite of the recieving neuron
27
Neurotransmitters
Chemicals travel across the synapse influencing an action potential
28
Endorphins
Pain and pleasure; response to pain; Runner's high
29
Nervous System
Speedy, electrochemical communication system
30
Sympathetic Nervous System
Arouses the body in stressful situations
31
Medulla
Controls heartbeat and breathing
32
Cerebellum
Coordination, balance
33
Thalamus
Sensory switch board; directs messages to the sensory areas
34
Limbic System
Emotions, drives, and memory
35
Corpus Callosum
Band of fibers connecting hemispheres
36
Occipital Lobe
Visual areas
37
Plasticity
Brain's ability to modify itself after some type of injury or illness
38
Right Hemisphere
Non-verbal abilities, facial recognition, patterns
39
Split-Brain
Object presented in the right visual field can be named. Objects in the left visual field cannot.
40
Hormones
Chemical messengers; endocrine glands
41
Pituitary Gland
Regulates growth
42
Behavioral Genetics
Heredity, genes, and chromosomes; environment
43
Genes
Code for hereditary transmission
44
Chromosomes
Strand of paired DNA
45
Developmental Psychology
Studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
46
Jean Pieaget
Cognitive processes followed a series of stages
47
Schema
Patterns that organize interactions with the environment
48
Assimilation
Absorbing new information into existing schemas
49
Accomodation
Adjusting old schemas or developing new ones to better fit with new information
50
Object Permanence
Objects that are out of sight are also out of mind
51
Egocentrism
Cannot percieve things from another's point of view
52
Conservation
Principle that properties remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
53
Attachment (Mary Ainsworth)
Shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and displacing distress on seperation
54
Insecurely Attached
Avoid other people; anger, anxiety, or fear
55
Imprinting
Certain animals form attachments during a critical period
56
Authoritative/Democratic
Demanding & responsive; open discussion
57
Primary Sex Characteristics
Body structures that make sexual reproduction possible
58
Secondary Sex Characteristics
Nonreproductive sexual characteristics; breasts, voice
59
Preconventional Morality
Avoid punishment or gain reward
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Postconventional Morality
Individual conscience, universal ethical principles
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Crystallized Intelligence
Accumulated knowledge and skills; does not decline with age
62
Sensation
Detect a stimulus
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Absolute Threshold
Minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time
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Subliminal Threshold
Stimuli below absolute threshold for conscious awareness
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Sensory Adaptation
Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
66
Transduction
Transformation of stimulus energy into neural impulses; Phototransduction - Light
67
Iris
Controls the size of the pupil opening
68
Retina
Containing receptor rods and cones
69
Rods
Detect black, white, and gray; low light
70
Cones
Color vision; well-lit conditions
71
Blindsight
Ability to respond appropriately to visual inputs while lacking the feeling of having seen them
72
Parallel Processing
Simultaneous processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously
73
Trichromatic Theory
Retina should contain three receptors that are sensitive to red, blue, and green colors
74
Opponent-Process Theory (Afterimages)
Opposing retunal processes enable color vision; cells located in the thalamus; red-green, black-white, blue-yellow
75
Cochlea
Coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear that transforms sound vibrations to auditory signals

Psychology (12 decks)

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