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Psychology > Semester 2 > Flashcards

Semester 2 Flashcards

(92 cards)

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1
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Dogs drooling when bell rings

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2
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS, US, UC)

A

Unconditionally - automatically and naturally - triggers a response

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3
Q

Unconditioned Response (UCR, UR)

A

Unlearned, naturally occuring response to the unconditioned stimulus

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4
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

After association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

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5
Q

Conditioned Response (CR)

A

Learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus

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6
Q

Generalization

A

Tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the CS

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7
Q

Discrimination

A

Learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli

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8
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment

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9
Q

Skinner Box

A

Bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a reinforcer like food or water

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10
Q

Shaping

A

Reinforces guide behavior towards the desired target behavior through successive approximations

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11
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Any event that strengthens the behavior

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12
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Removal of a punishment or an aversive stimulus; it STRENGTHENS behavior

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13
Q

Observational Learning (Albert Bandura)

A

Learning by observing and imitating behaviors

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14
Q

Modeling

A

Observing and imitating a specific behavior

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15
Q

Bobo Doll Study (Albert Bandura)

A

Hypothesized that children would imitate aggresive behavior they observed

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16
Q

Modeling Violence

A

Research shows that viewing media violence leads to an increased expression of aggression

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17
Q

Flashbulb Memory

A

Highly emotional moment; clear, strong, and persistent memory

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18
Q

Working Memory (Short-Term Memory)

A

Conscious processing of information; 7 ± 2 items; 20-30 seconds

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19
Q

Long Term Memory

A

Relatively permanent and limitless

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20
Q

Mnemonics

A

Memory aids

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21
Q

Method of Loci

A

Items are mentally associated with specific physical locations

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22
Q

Chunking

A

Organizing items into familiar, managable units; acronyms are a type of chunking

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23
Q

Retrieval Cues

A

Anchors (words, places, emotions, etc.) that help retrieve memory

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24
Q

State-Congruent Memory

A

Recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood

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25
Encoding Failure
Original information was not encoding correctly
26
Proactive Interference
Disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new information
27
Retroactive Interference
Disruotive effect of new learning on recall of old information
28
Source Amnesia
Attirbuting something in our memory to the wrong source
29
Instincts
Biological, genetic programming; Instinct - complex behaviors with fixed patterns
30
Drive Reduction Theory
A physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need (the reduction)
31
Homeostasis
Maintenance of a steady internal state
32
Hierarchy of Needs (Abraham Maslow)
Lower motives must be met before higher needs; Physiological, Safety, Belongingness and Love, Self-Esteem, Self-Actualization (Full Potential)
33
Hypothalamus
Plays a role in the regulation and control of hunger
34
Anorexia Nervosa
Normal-weight person still feels overweight
35
Bulimia Nervosa
Overeating followed by vomiting using laxatives, etc.
36
Catharsis
"Releasing" aggresive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges
37
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Physiological activity precedes the emotional experience
38
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
Emotion-triggering stimulus and the body's arousal take place simultaneously
39
Two-factor Theory of Emotion
Emotions have two factors - physical arousal and cognitive label
40
Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon
When we feel happy, we are more likely to help others
41
Type A Personality
Hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people; More likely to develop coronary heart disease
42
Psychoanalysis
Freud's theory attributes our thoughts and actions to unconscious motive and conflicts
43
Free Association
Ask patients to say whatever comes to their minds
44
Id
Satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives; operates on the pleasure principle
45
Ego
Mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality; reality principle
46
Superego
Standards for judgement (the conscience); morality principle
47
Oedipus Complex
Sexual desires toward mother; feelings of jealousy for father - results in feeling guilt and fear of punishment
48
Repression
Banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memory from consciousness
49
Projection
Disguise threatening impulses by attributing them to others
50
Rationalization
Offers self-justifying explanations
51
Displacement
Shifts impulse toward less threatening object or person; redirecting toward a safer outlet
52
Collective Unconscious (Carl Jung)
Commin reservoir of images derived from our species' past
53
Archetypes (Carl Jung)
Inheritied universal human concepts like mother or hero
54
Projective Test
Provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics
55
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
People express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
56
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Constant worry about many issues; inability to identify cause; Physical symptoms: headaches, stomach aches, muscle tension, irritability
57
Phobia
Persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that disrupts behavior
58
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)
59
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Haunting memories, nightmares, withdrawal, anxiety, sleep problems
60
Major Depressive Disorder
Two or more weeks of depressed moods
61
Bipolar Disorder (Manic-Depressive Disorder)
Alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania
62
Manic Episode
Hyperactive, wildly optimistic state
63
Dissociative Amnesia
Psychogenic amnesia; memory loss; often selective loss surrounding traumatic events
64
Dissociative Fugue
Global amnesia (forgets everything) with identity replacement
65
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Person exhibits two or more distinct personalities that alternate
66
Causes of DID
Severe sexial or physical abuse; biological predisposition
67
Delusions
False beliefs about self; persecution, paranoia, grandeur, being controlled
68
Hallucinations
Hearing or seeing things that aren't there
69
Schizophrenic Perceptions
Frequently such hallucinations are auditory
70
Anti-Social Personality Disorder (Sociopath or Psychopath)
Exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing; Sociopath/Psychopath
71
Eclectic Approach
Various forms of healing techniques
72
Psychoanalysis
Released previously repressed feelings; bring repressed feelings into conscious awareness; free association, dream analysis
73
Transference
Emotional conflicts of earlier years are transferred onto the therapist
74
Resistance
Blocking from consciousness any anxiety-arousing material
75
Humanistic Therapy (Carl Rodgers)
Active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment
76
Behavior Therapy
Applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
77
Counterconditioning
Conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors
78
Exposure Therapy
Expose patients to things they fear and avoid; anxiety lessens
79
Sytematic Desensitization
Associated a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli
80
Token Economy
Exchanges a token earned for desired behavior for various privileges or treats
81
Cognitive Therapy
Give the client a rational or logical view of reality
82
Antipsychotic Drug
Similar enough to molecules of the neurotransmitter dopamine; Ex. Thorazine, Clozapine
83
Antidepressant Drugs
Increasing neurotransmitters norepinephrine or serotonin; elevate arousal and mood
84
Normative Social Influence
Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid rejection
85
Informative Social Influence
Influence resulting from one's willingness to accept other's opinions about reality
86
Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
The tendency for people who have agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
87
Stanford Prison Experiment
When we assume a role, we take on the attitudes and actions of that role
88
Solomon-Asch Experiment on Conformity
Subject is relatively likely to give the same answer as the group, even if it's obviously incorrect
89
Deindividuation
Loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
90
Altruism
Unselfish regard for the welfare of others
91
Bystander Effect
Tendency for any given bystander yo be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
92
Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)
Organism comes to associate two stimuli

Psychology (12 decks)

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