Semester 1 Flashcards
(403 cards)
1
Q
which lymphocytes migrate to the thymus?
A
T cells
2
Q
which lymphocytes stay in the bone marrow?
A
B cells
3
Q
Primary lymphoid organs
A
bone marrow
thymus
4
Q
secondary lymphoid organs
A
spleen tonsils lymph nodes peyer's patches GALT BALT MALT
5
Q
What name is given to milky lymph from the small intestine?
A
Chyle
6
Q
Lymphatic ducts
A
lumbar trunks
cisterna chyli
thoracic duct
right and left lymphatic ducts
7
Q
Does the thoracic duct drain to the left or right lymphatic duct?
A
left
8
Q
Which structures drain to the right lymphatic duct?
A
right side of head and neck
right upper limb
upper right side of thorax
9
Q
Where does the thoracic duct lie in the body?
A
between aorta and azygous vein
10
Q
which bones make up the pectoral girdle?
A
clavicle
scapula
11
Q
which ribs are true ribs?
A
1-7
articulate with sternum by own costal cartilage
12
Q
which ribs are false ribs?
A
8-10
articulate indirectly with the sternum
13
Q
which ribs are floating ribs?
A
11 and 12
no connection with sternum
14
Q
name the parts of a typical rib (ribs 3-9)
A
head
neck
tubercle
body
15
Q
name the parts of the head of the rib
A
superior facet
head
inferior facet
16
Q
where does the articular part of the tubercle of the rib articulate?
A
transverse process
17
Q
what ligament attaches to the non-articular part of the tubercle of the rib?
A
costotransverse ligament
18
Q
what name is given to the most curved part of a rib?
A
costal angle
19
Q
What is the function of the costal groove?
A
to protect NVB
20
Q
Why does the first rib only have one facet on its head?
A
only articulates with T1
21
Q
which vessels run in the grooves on rib 1?
A
subclavian vessels
22
Q
What feature makes 2nd rib atypical?
A
rough area on upper surface forming tuberosity for the attachment of serratus anterior.
23
Q
which typical features are ribs 11 and 12 missing?
A
neck and tubercle
24
Q
what sort of joint is formed between rib 1 and the sternum?
A
synchondrosis
primary cartilaginous
25
what sort of joint is formed between ribs 2-7 and the sternum?
synovial plane joint
26
What is the pulmonary ligament?
sleeve of pleura hanging down below the lung root
27
Name the different parts of the parietal pleura
cervical
costal
diaphragmatic
mediastinal
28
What is the endothoracic fascia?
layer of connective tissue attaching the costal parietal pleura to the thoracic wall.
29
What is the name given to the space between visceral and parietal pleura?
pleural cavity
30
which vein arches over the hilum of the right lung?
azygous vein
31
which structure is most superior in the hilum of the right lung?
pulmonary artery
32
which structure is most inferior in the hilum of the right lung?
pulmonary vein
33
which structure is most posterior in the hilum of the right lung?
bronchus
34
Which fissure separated the lobes of the left lung?
oblique fissure
35
what name is given to the thin anterior flap of tissue in the left lung?
lingula
36
which vessel arches over the hilum of the left lung?
aorta
37
which structure is most superior in the hilum of the left lung?
pulmonary artery
38
which structure is most inferior in the hilum of the lung?
pulmonary vein
39
which structure is most posterior in the hilum of the left lung?
bronchus
40
how many pulmonary veins are present in the hilum of each lung?
2
41
where does the phrenic nerve run in relation to the hilum?
anteriorly
42
where does the vagus nerve run in relation to the hilum?
posteriorly
43
how many lobar bronchi are there on the left?
2
44
how many lobar bronchi are there on the right?
3
45
describe the path lymph takes from the lungs
pulmonary nodes > bronchopulmonary nodes> inferior treacheobronchial nodes > superior tracheobronchial nodes > paratracheal nodes
46
which imaginary line extends from the sternal angle to the IV disc between T4/5?
transverse thoracic plane
47
which area of the mediastinum contains the heart?
middle mediastinum
48
Where does the fibrous pericardium attach inferiorly?
central tendon of the diaphragm
49
which nerve is closely associated with the right atrium?
right phrenic nerve
50
What is the ligamentum arteriosum?
ligament running between aorta and pulmonary trunk
| embryological remnant
51
Name the branches of the right coronary artery
SA nodal
right marginal
posterior interventricular
AV nodal
52
Name the branches of the left coronary artery
Anterior interventricular- LAD,Diagonal branch
| circumflex- left marginal, SA nodal, posterior IV
53
Where do the anterior cardiac veins drain?
Straight to right atrium
54
what name is given to the small ridges of muscle in the right atrium?
pectinate muscles
55
which line marks the boundary between the smooth (sinus venarum) and rough (musculi pectinati) surfaces of the right atrium?
crista terminalis
56
What name is given to the smooth wall of the right atrium?
sinus venarum
57
Where is the SA node located?
within the crista terminalis
58
which valve lies between the right atrium and right ventricle?
tricuspid valve
59
which structure is unique to the right ventricle?
moderator band
60
What name is given to the muscular ridges in the wall of the right ventricle?
trabeculae carneae
61
When are semilunar valves closed?
low pressure
62
when are cuspid valves closed?
high pressure
63
which valve lies between the left atrium and left ventricle?
mitral valve
64
which valves are open during diastole?
cuspid valves ( ventricle filling)
65
which valves are open during systole?
semilunar valves (ventricle emptying)
66
Describe filling of the coronary arteries
During diastole the aortic valve shuts. Backflow of blood is directed along the right and left coronary arteries
67
what is the function of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?
support for valves
| electrical insulation between the atria and ventricles
68
Describe nervous supply to the SA node
Autonomics from the cardiac plexus
69
which structures are only found in the superior mediastinum?
thymus
brachiocephalic veins
arch of the aorta
trachea
70
where does the recurrent laryngeal nerve loop under on the right side?
right subclavian artery
71
at what level does the trachea begin?
C6/7
72
What is the level of the carina?
T4/5
73
At what level does the oesophagus begin?
C6
74
On what side of the body is the azygous vein?
right
75
Which veins drain into the azygous vein?
posterior intercostal veins 2-11 and subcostal
76
On what side of the body is the hemiazygous and accessory hemiazygous vein?
left
77
which veins drain into the accessory hemiazygous vein?
posterior intercostal veins 5-8
78
which veins drain into the hemiazygous vein?
posterior intercostal veins 9-1 and subcostal
79
What structures lay on either side of the thoracic duct?
azygous vein and aorta
80
At what spinal levels would you find rami communicans?
T1-L2/3
81
What are the roots of the greater splanchnic nerve?
T5-T9
82
What are the roots of the lesser splanchnic nerve?
T10-11
83
What are the roots of the least splanchnic nerve?
T12
84
What is the function of the splanchnic nerves?
sympathetic innervation to the abdominal viscera.
85
Which structures pass through the diaphragm at T12?
Aorta, thoracic duct and azygous vein via aortic hiatus
Greater and lesser Splanchnic nerves via openings in the crura
Least splanchnic nerve and sympathetic trunk behind the medial arcuate ligament
86
where does the transversalis fascia lie?
deep to transversus abdominus
87
What names are given to the two layers of superficial fascia below the umbilicus?
Camper's fascia
| Scarpa's fascia
88
What are the attachments and insertions of the external oblique?
ribs 5-12
| iliac crest and linea alba
89
which spinal nerves supply external oblique?
T7-T12
90
what are the attachments and insertions of internal oblique?
thoracolumbar fascia, inguinal ligament and iliac crest
| ribs 9-12
91
which spinal nerves supply internal oblique?
T7-T12 and L1
92
Which nerves pierce the back of internal oblique?
iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves
93
Describe the attachments and insertions of rectus abdominus
pubic tubercle, crest and symphysis
| xiphoid process and costal cartilages of ribs 5-7
94
which spinal nerves supply rectus abdominus?
T7-T12
95
What small triangular muscle running from pubis to linea alba is often absent?
pyramidalis
96
which tissue layers make up the posterior layer of the rectus sheath above the umbilicus?
1/2 aponeurosis internal oblique and transversus abdominis
97
which tissue layers make up the posterior layer of the rectus sheath below the umbilicus?
none
98
What name is given to the border that marks where rectus abdominis lies directly on transversalis fascia?
arcuate line
99
What names are given to the three folds found on the posterior surface of the anterior abdominal wall?
median umbilical ligament
medial umbilical ligament
lateral umbilical fold
100
which artery runs posterior to rectus abdominus in the pubic region?
inferior epigastric artery
101
In what layer of the anterior abdominal wall would you find the superficial inguinal ring?
aponeurosis of external oblique
102
In what layer of the anterior abdominal wall would you find the deep inguinal ring?
transversalis fascia
103
Which vessels lie medial to the deep inguinal ring?
inferior epigastric vessels
104
Which structures are more lateral as they pass through the deep inguinal ring in a male?
testicular vessels
105
Which structures are more medial as they pass through the deep inguinal ring in a male?
vas deferens and genital branch of genitofemoral
106
What structure forms the anterior wall of the inguinal canal?
aponeurosis of external oblique plus internal oblique in lateral third
107
What structure forms the floor of the inguinal canal?
inferior rolled edge of external oblique and medially the lacunar ligament
108
What structure forms the roof of the inguinal canal?
internal oblique and transversus abdominis
109
What structure forms the posterior wall of the inguinal canal?
transversalis fascia and conjoint tendon
110
which type of hernia enters the inguinal canal via the deep inguinal ring?
indirect
111
what structures are carried in the spermatic cord?
```
vas deferens and artery to vas deferens
testicular artery and veins
cremasteric artery
genital branch of genitofemoral
lymphatics
autonomics
```
112
what are the 3 layers covering the spermatic cord and where do they originate from?
```
internal spermatic fascia (transversalis fascia)
cremaster muscle (internal oblique)
external spermatic fascia (external oblique aponeurosis)
```
113
At what level does the pampiniform plexus form a single vein?
deep inguinal ring
114
What name is given to the embryological remnant lying within then spermatic fascia?
tunica vaginalis
115
What name is given to a double fold of peritoneum?
Mesentery
116
What sort of innervation supplies parietal peritoneum?
somatic sensory
117
What sort of innervation supplies the visceral peritoneum?
ANS
| Visceral afferents
118
Which organs are intraperitoneal?
stomach, 1st part of duodenum, spleen, luver, caecum, transverse and sigmoid colon
119
Which organs are retroperitoneal?
kidneys and adrenals, most of the small intestine, pancreas, ascending and descending colon and upper 2/3 rectum
120
How many layers of peritoneum make up the greater omentum?
4
121
Which structure attaches the transverse mesocolon to the body wall?
transverse mesocolon
122
which arteries supplying the stomach are carried in the greater omentum?
right and left gastro-omental arteries
123
What is another name for the lesser sac?
omental bursa
124
Where would you find the lesser sac?
posterior to the stomach and lesser omentum
125
How many layers of peritoneum make up the lesser omentum?
2
126
what name is given to the communication between the greater and lesser sac?
omental foramen
127
where does lymph from the foregut drain to?
coeliac nodes at T12
128
What three muscle layers make up the stomach?
outer longitudinal
middle circular
inner oblique
129
what name is given to the folds within the stomach?
rugae
130
Name the three branches of the coeliac trunk
common hepatic
left gastric
splenic
131
What name is given to the folds on the inner surface of the duodenum?
plicae circularis
132
What structures make up the porta hepatis?
hepatic artery
bile duct
portal vein
133
The gall bladder lies below the costal cartilage of which rib?
rib 9
134
which structure folds back on itself to form the left and right triangular ligaments of the liver?
peritoneum
135
Which embryological structure forms the ligamentum teres?
umbilical vein
136
what is carried in the ductus venosus?
oxygenated blood to IVC
137
Where do the right and left hepatic veins drain?
IVC
138
The cystic artery is a branch of which artery?
right hepatic
139
which artery is the final branch of the IMA?
superior rectal
140
Which three areas in the abdomen have dual blood supply?
duodenum
transverse colon
rectum
141
At what level do the renal arteries leave the aorta?
L1
142
What is the most posterior structure in the renal hilum?
ureter
143
where does lymph from the kidneys drain to?
lateral aortic nodes
144
Which anterior rami supply quadratus lumborum?
T12-L4
145
What are the origins and insertions of quadratus lumborum?
Iliac crest to 12th rib and L1-4 transverse processes
146
Which named nerve supplies iliacus?
femoral
147
what is the function of iliopsoas?
hip flexion
148
At what level does the aorta bifurcate?
L4
149
At what level do the common iliac veins unite to form the IVC?
L5
150
name the nerves of the lumbar plexus
```
iliohypogastric
ilioinguinal
genitofemoral
lateral femoral cutaneous
femoral
obturator
```
151
from what spinal level do the ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerves arise?
L1
152
from what spinal level does genitofemoral arise?
L1 and L2
153
from what spinal level does lateral cutaneous arise?
L2 and L3
154
from what spinal level does the femoral nerve arise?
L2, L3 and L4
155
from what spinal level does the obturator nerve arise?
L2, L3 and L4
156
describe C1 vertebra
anterior and posterior arches
superior articular surfaces
anterior tubercle
posterior tubervle
157
name a special feature of C2 vertebra
odontoid process
158
Name a feature of the bodies of the cervical vertebrae
uncinate process
159
describe the spinous process of the cervical vertebrae
bifid spinous process
160
name the features of the transverse processes in the cervical vertebrae
foramen transversarium
| anterior and posterior tubercles
161
Name a special feature of the thoracic vertebrae
costal facets
162
what process is present on the transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae?
accessory process
163
what process is present on each superior articular process in the lumbar spine?
mammillary process
164
what is the function of the mammillary and accessory processes in the lumbar spine?
muscle attachment
165
Which direction do the superior articular facets face in the lumbar spine?
posteromedially
166
Which direction do the inferior articular facets face in the lumber spine?
anterolaterally
167
which structures fuse to form the median crest in the sacrum?
spinous processes
168
which structures fuse to form the intermediate crest in the sacrum?
articular processes
169
which structures fuse to form the lateral crest in the sacrum?
transverse processes
170
how man vertebrae fuse to form the coccyx?
4
171
What type of joint is an IV disc?
cartilagenous
172
what type of joint forms between articular processes?
plane synovial
173
What are the origins and insertions of the trapezius?
medial 1/3 superior nuchal line, nuchal ligament, spinous processes C7-T12 > lateral clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula
174
which nerve supplies the trapezius?
spinal accessory nerve
175
What are the origins and insertions of latissimus dorsi?
spinous processes C7-T12, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, lower 3/4 ribs > edge of bicipital groove of humerus
176
What nerve supplies latissimus dorsi?
thoracodorsal nerve (C6-8)
177
What are the origins and insertions of rhomboid major?
spinous processes T2-5 > medial boder scapula
178
What are the origins and insertions of rhomboid minor?
nuchal ligament, spinous processes C7 and T1 >medial end of scapular spine
179
which nerve supplies the rhomboids?
dorsal scapular nerve (C4,5)
180
what are the origins and insertions of levator scapulae?
posterior tubercles of transverse processes C1-4 > medial border of scapula
181
Which nerves supply levator scapulae?
cervical nerves C3,4 and dorsal scapular nerve (C4,5)
182
What is the function of the intermediate extrinsic muscles of the back?
accessory respiratory muscles
183
what are the origins and attachments of serratus posterior superior?
nuchal ligament, spinous processes C7-T3 > superior borders of ribs 2-4
184
which nerves supply serratus posterior superior?
intercostal nerves 2-5
185
what are the origins and insertions of serratus posterior inferior?
spinous processes T11-L2 > inferior borders ribs 8-12 near the angle
186
Which nerves supply serratus posterior inferior?
anterior rami T9-T12
187
which muscles make up the superficial layer of the intrinsic back muscles?
splenius muscles
188
which muscles make up the intermediate layer of the intrinsic back muscles?
erector spinae
189
which three muscles make up the erector spinae group?
iliocostalis, longissmus and spinalis
190
describe the common proximal attachment of the erector spinae muscles
posterior iliac crest, posterior sacrum and sacroiliac ligaments, spinous processes of sacral and lower lumbar vertebrae, supraspinous ligament
191
describe the insertions of iliocostalis
angles of lower ribs
| cervical transverse processes
192
describe the insertions of longissmus
ribs between tubercles and angles
thoracic and cervical transverse processes
mastoid process
193
describe the insertions of spinalis
upper thoracic spinous processes
| cranium
194
name the deep intrinsic muscles of the back
```
semispinalis
multifidus
rotatores
levator costarum
interspinale
intertransversari
```
195
what ligament limits extension of the spine?
anterior longitudinal ligament
196
what is the main function of the posterior longitudinal ligament?
prevents posterior herniation of IV disc
197
which ligaments attach the laminae of adjacent vertebrae and limit flexion?
ligamenta flava
198
Which structure anchors the spinal cord in the spinal canal?
filum terminale
199
which ligaments suspend the cord in the dural sac?
denticulate ligaments
200
how many posterior spinal arteries are there?
2
201
which arteries supply the spinal nerve roots?
radicular arteries
202
How many anterior and posterior spinal veins are there?
3 anterior
| 3 posterior
203
Name the bony features of the scapula
```
coracoid process
glenoid cavity
superior angle
subscapular fossa
medal border
inferior angle
infraspinous fossa
supraspinous fossa
spine
acromion
```
204
Which muscle originates from the acromion of the scapula?
deltoid
205
which muscles originates from the coracoid process of the scapula?
coracobrachialis and short head of biceps
206
which muscle orginates just below the glenoid cavity of the scapula?
long head of triceps
207
which muscles originate from the lateral border of the scapula?
teres minor
| teres major
208
which muscle inserts onto the coracoid process?
pectoralis minor
209
which muscles insert onto the medial border of the scapula?
serratus anterior
levator scapulae
rhomboids
210
which muscle inserts onto the spine of the scapula?
trapezius
211
which muscle inserts onto the inferior angle of the scapula?
latissimus dorsi
212
which muscles originate from the clavicle?
deltoid
pec major
sternocleidomastoid
213
which muscles insert onto the clavicle?
trapezius
| subclavius
214
which movements does pec major control?
flexion and adduction of the arm, medial rotation of humerus
215
which movements does pec minor control?
pulls shoulder anterior and inferior or elevation of ribs when shoulder is fixed
216
what movement is caused by serratus anterior?
protraction of the scapula
217
which nerve roots make up the long thoracic nerve?
C5, 6, 7
218
what movement is controlled by the ascending part of trapezius?
depression of scapula
219
what movement is controlled by the transverse part of trapezius?
retracts scapula
220
what movement is controlled by the descending part of the trapezius?
elevation of scapula
| rotation of glenoid cavity
221
what movement of the upper limb is controlled by latissimus dorsi?
extension, medial rotation and adduction of the arm
222
which nerve controls levator scapulae/
dorsal scapular nerve (C3, 4, 5)
223
Which movement is controlled by the rhomboids?
retraction of the scapula
224
which movements are controlled by deltoid?
extension and lateral rotation of arm, flexion and medial rotation of arm
225
which nerve supplies deltoid?
axillary nerve
226
which vein runs in the deltopectoral groove?
cephalic vein
227
is teres major part of the rotator cuff?
no
228
which nerve supplies teres major?
subscapular
229
what movements are controlled by teres major?
adduction and medial rotation of the arm
230
which four muscles contribute to the rotator cuff?
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis
231
what movement is controlled by subscapularis?
medially rotates arm
232
what movement is controlled by supraspinatus
initiation of abduction
233
which movement is controlled by infraspinatus?
lateral rotation of arm
234
what nerve supplies supra- and infraspinatus?
suprascapular nerve
235
which movement is controlled by teres minor?
lateral rotation of arm
236
which nerve supplies teres minor?
axillary nerve
237
What name is given to the fascia enclosing subclavius and pectoralis minor that acts as a suspensory ligament to the fascial floor of the axilla?
clavipectoral fascia
238
what structures make up the anterior wall of the axilla?
pectoralis major and minor
subclavius
fascia
239
What structures make up the floor of the axilla?
skin
240
What structures make up the roof of the axilla?
rib 1
clavicle
scapula
241
What structures make up the posterior wall of the axilla?
subscapularis
teres major
latissimus dorsi
long head of triceps brachii
242
what structures make up the lateral wall of the axilla?
humerus
243
what structures make up the medial wall of the axilla?
serratus anterior
| wall of thorax
244
What are the contents of the axilla?
```
short head of biceps and coracobrachialis
axillary lymph nodes
adipose tissue
basilic vein
axillary vein
cephalic vein
axillary artery
brachial vein
brachial plexus
```
245
Name the branch of the first part of the axillary artery
superior thoracic artery
246
Name the 2 branches of the second part of the axillary artery
thoracoacromial artery
| lateral thoracic artery
247
Name the 3 branches of the third part of the axillary artery
subscapular artery
anterior circumflex humeral artery
posterior circumflex humeral artery
248
Name the five groups of axillary lymph nodes
```
humeral
pectoral
subscapular
central
apical
```
249
Which group of axillary lymph nodes drain the upper limb?
humeral
250
Which group of axillary lymph nodes drain the thorax and mammary regions?
pectoral
251
Which group of axillary lymph nodes drains the back, shoulder and neck?
subscapular
252
Which group of axillary lymph nodes lie in the axillary fat and communicate with other nodes?
central
253
Which group of axillary lymph nodes drain other nodes and mammary tissue?
apical
254
Which rami make up the brachial plexus?
anterior rami of C5-T1
255
Which rami make up the superior trunk?
C5-C6
256
Which rami make up the middle trunk?
C7
257
Which rami make up the inferior trunk?
C8-T1
258
Which nerve arises from C5 alone?
dorsal scapular nerve
259
which nerves arise from the superior trunk?
suprascapular nerve
| nerve to subclavius
260
Which nerve is made up of fibres arising from C5-7 and supplies serratus anterior?
long thoracic nerve
261
how many anterior and posterior divisions are there in the brachial plexus?
3 of each
262
what is the fate of the anterior divisions of the brachial plexus?
supply anterior compartments of the arm and forearm
263
what is the fate of the posterior divisions of the brachial plexus?
supply posterior compartments of the arm and forearm
264
do any peripheral nerves arise from the divisions of the brachial plexus?
no
265
The cords of the brachial plexus are named in relation to which structure?
axillary artery
266
Which cords of the brachial plexus supply the anterior compartments of the arm and forearm?
medial and lateral
267
Which cord of the brachial plexus supplies the posterior compartments of the arm and forearm?
posterior
268
Which fibres are carried in the lateral cord of the brachial plexus?
C5-7
269
Which fibres are carried in the posterior cord of the brachial plexus?
C5-T1
270
Which fibres are carried in the medial cord of the brachial plexus?
C8-T1
271
Which terminal branches arise from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus?
musculocutaneous
| lateral root of median nerve
272
Which terminal branches arise from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus?
```
upper subscapular nerve
thoracodorsal nerve
lower subscapular nerve
axillary
radial
```
273
Which terminal branches arise from the medial cord of the brachial plexus?
```
medial pectoral nerve
medial cutaneous nerve of the arm
medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm
ulnar nerve
medial root of median nerve
```
274
What are the origins of biceps brachii?
long head- supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
| short head- coracoid process
275
What are the insertions of biceps brachii?
radial tuberosity
276
What muscle is the most powerful supinator of the arm?
biceps brachii
277
What is the origin of coracobrachialis?
coracoid process of scapula
278
What is the insertion of coracobrachialis?
medial mid-shaft of humerus
279
What is the function of coracobrachialis?
flexion and adduction of the arm
280
What is the origin of brachialis?
distal half of anterior surface of the humerus?
281
What are the insertions of brachialis?
ulnar tuberosity and coronoid process
282
What muscle is the main flexor of the elbow?
brachialis
283
Is brachialis involved in pronation/supination?
no- attached to ulna
284
What are the origins of triceps brachii?
long head- infraglenoid tubercle
medial head- posterior surface of shaft of humerus
lateral head- superior to radial groove
285
What is the insertion of triceps brachii?
olecranon process
286
What is the function of triceps brachii?
extension of the elbow
287
The profunda brachii artery and radial nerve pass through which space to enter the posterior part of the arm?
triangular space
288
Name a terminal branch of profunda brachii
radial collateral artery
289
where does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?
inferior border of teres minor
290
how many collateral arteries run on the ulnar side of the arm?
2- superior ulnar collateral and inferior ulnar collateral
291
What structure makes up the lateral border of the cubital fossa?
brachioradialis
292
What structure makes up the medial border of the cubital fossa?
pronator teres
293
What structures make up the roof of the cubital fossa?
skin
fascia
bicipital aponeurosis
294
What structure makes up the floor of the cubital fossa?
brachialis
295
which vein lies laterally in the superficial fascia over the cubital fossa?
cephalic vein
296
which vein lies medially in the superficial fascia over the cubital fossa?
basilic vein
297
which vein running in the superficial fascia over the cubital fossa becomes the axillary vein more proximally?
basilic vein
298
Which vein forms a communication between cephalic and basilic veins?
median cubital vein
299
What structures are contained within the cubital fossa?
```
medial > lateral
median nerve
bifurcation of brachial artery
tendon of biceps
radial nerve
```
300
which small arteries span the elbow joint?
radial recurrent
anterior ulnar recurrent
posterior ulnar recurrent
301
Which structures run in the lateral intermuscular septum of the arm?
radial nerve
| profunda artery
302
which structures run in the medial intermuscular septum?
brachial artery
median nerve
basilic vein
ulnar nerve
303
which nerve is closely associated with the medial epicondyle of the humerus?
ulnar nerve
304
What is the name of the rounded process at the distal end of the humerus?
capitulum
305
what is the name of the pointy process at the distal end of the humerus?
trochlea
306
which bony prominence is the common extensor origin?
lateral epicondyle of humerus
307
which bony prominence is the common flexor origin?
medial epicondyle of humerus
308
which ligaments prevent adduction/abduction of the elbow?
medial and lateral collateral ligaments
309
which ligament wraps around the neck of the radius allowing pronation and supination?
annular ligament
310
How many bands make up the lateral collateral ligament of the elbow?
one
311
how many bands make up the medial collateral ligament of the elbow?
three:
anterior
posterior
oblique
312
Which nerve predominantly supplies the anterior compartment of the forearm?
median nerve
313
which muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm are not supplied by median nerve?
flexor carpi ulnaris
ulnar part of flexor digitorum profundus
supplied by ulnar nerve
314
Which muscle is most superficial in the anterior compartment of the forearm and not present in everyone?
palmaris longus
315
what is the origin of palmaris longus?
medial epicondyle
316
what is the insertion of palmaris longus?
palmar fascia
317
What are the origins of pronator teres?
medial epicondyle of humerus
| coronoid process of ulna
318
what is the insertion of pronator teres?
lateral surface of radius
319
what is the function of pronator teres?
pronation of forearm
320
what is the origin of flexor carpi ulnaris?
medial epicondyle
321
what is the insertion of flexor carpi ulnaris?
base of pisiform
hamate
5th metacarpal
322
what is the function of flexor carpi ulnaris?
adduction of the wrist
323
what is the origin of flexor carpi radialis?
medial epicondyle
324
what is the insertion of flexor carpi radialis?
base of 2nd metacarpal
325
what is the function of flexor carpi radialis?
abduction of wrist
326
what are the origins of flexor digitorum superficialis?
medial epicondyle
| coronoid process
327
what are the insertions of flexor digitorum superficialis?
middle phalanges of digits 2-5
328
what are the functions of flexor digitorum superficialis
flexion of wrist, MCPs and PIPs
329
what are the origins of flexor digitorum profundus?
ulna
| interosseous membrane
330
what are the insertions of flexor digitorum profundus?
distal phalanges of digits 2-5
331
what are the functions of flexor digitorum profundus?
flexion of wrist
flexion of MCPs
flexion of PIPs
flexion of DIPs
332
which nerve supplies flexor digitorum profundus going to the ring finger and pinky?
ulnar nerve
333
which nerve supplies flexor digitorum profundus going to the index and middle fingers?
median nerve
334
what are the origins of flexor pollicis longus
radius and interosseus membrane
335
what are the insertions of flexor pollicis longus?
base of distal phalanx of the thumb
336
what are the functions of flexor pollicis longus?
flexion of MCP and IP of thumb
337
what is the origin of pronator quadratus?
distal anterior ulna
338
what is the insertion of pronator quadratus?
distal anterior radius
339
what is the function of pronator quadratus?
pronation
| stabilisation of the distal radioulnar joint
340
which structures run immediately superficial to pronator quadratus?
anterior interosseous nerve and artery
341
what branch does the median nerve give off just before it enters the carpal tunnel?
palmar cutaneous branch
342
which nerve is responsible for opposition of the thumb?
median
343
the common interosseous artery is a branch of what vessel?
ulnar artery
344
can the wrist rotate?
no
345
what structure forms the roof of the carpal tunnel?
flexor retinaculum
346
What structures run through the carpal tunnel?
median nerve
4 tendons from flexor digitorum superficialis
4 tendons from flexor digitorum profundus
1 tendon from flexor pollicis longus
flexor carpi radialis
347
what is the origin of anconeus?
lateral epicondyle
348
what is the insertion of anconeus?
olecranon
349
what is the function of anconeus?
extension of the elbow
350
which muscles are innervated by the radial nerve before it divides?
triceps brachii
anconeus
brachioradialis
extensor carpi radialis longus
351
what is the origin of brachioradialis?
supra-epicondylar ridge
352
what is the insertion of brachioradialis?
proximal to styloid process
353
what is the function of brachioradialis?
flexion of the elbow
354
what is the origin of extensor carpi radialis longus?
supra-epicondylar ridge
355
what is the insertion of extensor carpi radialis longus
base of 2nd metacarpal
356
what is the function of extensor carpi radialis longus?
wrist extension and abduction
357
what is the origin of extensor carpi radialis brevis?
lateral epicondyle
358
what is the insertion of extensor carpi radialis brevis?
base of third metacarpal
359
what is the function of extensor carpi radialis brevis?
wrist extension and abduction
360
which branch of the radial nerve supplies extensor carpi radialis brevis?
posterior interosseous
361
what is the origin of extensor carpi ulnaris?
lateral epicondyle
362
what is the insertion of extensor carpi ulnaris?
base of 5th metacarpal
363
what is the function of extensor carpi ulnaris?
wrist extension and adduction
364
what is the origin of extensor digitorum?
lateral epicondyle
365
what is the insertion of extensor digitorum?
dorsal expansion of digits 2-5
366
what is the function of extensor digitorum?
extension of MCPs, PIPs and DIPs
367
what is the origin of extensor digiti minimi?
lateral epicondyle
368
what is the insertion of extensor digiti minimi?
dorsal expansion of fifth digit
369
what is the function of extensor digiti minimi?
extension of MCP, PIP and DIP in pinky
370
what is the origin of extensor indices?
posterior surface of ulna
| interosseous membrane
371
what is the insertion of extensor digiti indices?
dorsal expansion of index finger
372
what is the function of extensor digiti indices?
extension of MCP, PIP and DIP of index finger
| wrist extension
373
what are the origins of extensor pollicis longus?
ulna
| interosseous membrane
374
what is the insertion of extensor pollicis longus?
base of distal phalanx of the thumb
375
what is the function of extensor pollicis longus?
extension of CMC, MCP and IP of thumb
| wrist extension
376
what are the origins of abductor pollicis longus
radius
interosseous membrane
ulna
377
what is the insertion of abductor pollicis longus?
base of 1st metacarpal
378
what is the function of abductor pollicis longus?
abducts thumb
extends CMC
wrist extension
379
what are the origins of supinator?
crest of ulna
lateral epicondyle of humerus
radial collateral and annular ligaments
380
what is the insertion of supinator?
proximal third of lateral radius
381
what is the function of supinator?
supination of forearm
382
Which branches does the radial nerve give off at the level of supinator?
deep
| posterior interosseous
383
what is the order of the ligaments in the back of the hand from lateral to medial?
```
abductor pollicis longus
extensor pollicis brevis
extensor carpi radialis longus
extensor carpi radialis brevis
extensor indicis
extensor digitorum
extensor digiti minimi
extensor carpi ulnaris
```
384
what are the origins of palmaris brevis?
palmar aponeurosis
| flexor retinaculum
385
what is the insertion of palmaris brevis?
dermis
386
what is the function of palmaris brevis
assists in grip
387
what nerve supplies palmaris brevis?
ulnar nerve
388
what intrinsic hand muscles are contained in the thenar eminence?
abductor pollicis brevis
flexor pollicis brevis
opponens pollicis
389
what nerve supplies the muscles of the thenar eminence?
median nerve
390
which nerve supplies adductor pollicis?
ulnar nerve
391
which muscles are contained in the hypothenar eminence?
abductor digiti minimi
flexor digiti minimi
opponens digiti minimi
392
what nerve supplies the muscles of the hypothenar eminence?
ulnar nerve
393
How many lumbrical muscles are there?
4
394
which 2 lumbricals are unipennate and supplied by the median nerve?
1st and 2nd
395
which 2 lumbricals are bipennate and supplied by the ulnar nerve
3rd and 4th
396
how many palmar interossei are there?
3
397
what is the function of the palmar interossei?
adduction towards the middle finger
398
what nerve supplies the palmar interossei?
ulnar
399
How many dorsal interossei are there?
4
400
what is the function of the dorsal interossei?
abduction
401
what nerve supplies the dorsal interossei?
ulnar
402
which artery contributes to the superficial palmar arch?
ulnar
403
which artery contributes to the deep palmar arch?
radial
