Semester 2 Flashcards
(548 cards)
1
Q
What are the pouches in the female pelvis?
A
vesicouterine pouch
rectouterine pouch
2
Q
What pouches are in the male pelvis?
A
vesicorectal pouch
3
Q
What sort of tissue lines the bladder?
A
transitional cell epithelium
4
Q
What name is given to the folds on the inside of the bladder?
A
rugae
5
Q
What name is given to the apex of the bladder posterior to pubic symphysis?
A
urachus
6
Q
What name is given to the triangular area of smooth mucous membrane at the base of the bladder?
A
trigone
7
Q
where do the ureters enter and urethra exit the bladder?
A
trigone
8
Q
What name is given to the smooth muscle coat that lines the trigone?
A
Detrusor
9
Q
What structure holds the neck of the bladder in place?
A
male- puboprostatic ligament
female- pubovesical ligament
10
Q
Describe the arterial supply to the bladder?
A
two superior vesical arteries
and inferior vesical artery from internal iliacs
11
Q
Which veins drain the bladder?
A
vesical plexus
12
Q
what veins does the vesical plexus drain into?
A
internal iliac
13
Q
what nerves supply the bladder?
A
ANS inferior hypogastric plexus
14
Q
Which lymph nodes drain the ureters?
A
lumbar
common iliac
external iliac
internal nodes
as they descend
15
Q
What lymph nodes drain the bladder?
A
internal iliac
16
Q
What is the main lymphatic drainage of the urethra?
A
internal iliac
17
Q
which lymph nodes drain the spongy urethra in the penis?
A
deep inguinal nodes
18
Q
at what vertebral level is the rectum?
A
3rd sacral vertebra to the tip of the coccyx
19
Q
which part of the rectum is covered by visceral peritoneum?
A
upper 1/3
20
Q
which part of the rectum is covered by peritoneum on the anterior surface?
A
middle 1/3
21
Q
Which part of the rectum is infraperitoneal?
A
lower 1/3
22
Q
Which muscle forms a sling around the rectum?
A
puborectalis
23
Q
which artery supplying the rectum is a branch of the inferior mesenteric artery?
A
superior rectal artery
24
Q
which artery supplying the rectum is a branch of the internal iliac artery?
A
middle rectal artery
25
which artery supplying the rectum is a branch of the internal pudendal artery?
inferior rectal artery
26
which lymph nodes drain the rectum?
pararectal
27
Which nerves supply the rectum?
inferior hypogastric plexus
28
Name the three parts of the broad ligament
mesosalpinx
mesovarium
mesometrium
29
which ligament contains the ovaries?
broad ligament
30
which ligament suspends the uterus in the pelvis?
round ligament
31
which ligaments attach the cervix offering support to the uterus?
transverse cervical
uterosacral
pubocervical
32
describe anteversion
long axis of uterus bent forward on long axis of vagina
33
describe anteflexion
long axis of uterus bent forward at internal os with long axis of vagina
34
Which ligament contains the suspensory ligament of the ovary?
broad ligament
35
How long is the seminal vesicle?
5cm
36
Which arteries supply the vas?
inferior vesical artery
| prostatic artery
37
what substances are secreted by the prostate?
proteolytic enzymes and acid phosphatase
38
Which arteries supply the prostate?
internal pudendal
middle rectal
inferior vesical arteries
39
Which vein drains the prostate?
deep dorsal vein of the penis
40
Which structures support the prostate?
pubo-prostatic ligament
| levatore prostatae
41
Which lymph nodes drain the prostate?
internal iliac
42
What structures are contained in the ischioanal fossa?
branches pudendal nerve, artery and vein
| adipose tissue
43
what structures form the walls of the ischioanal fossa?
ischial tuberosity
| rectum/anal canal
44
What structure forms the roof of the ischioanal fossa?
levator ani
45
what structure forms the floor of the ischioanal fossa?
skin
46
Is inferior rectal nerve motor or sensory?
motor
47
Is pudendal nerve motor or sensory?
both
48
When does the rectum become the anal canal?
when is pierces the pelvic floor
49
What structures are contained within the anal columns?
terminal radicle of the superior rectal vessels
50
What name is given to the line that demarcates the transition from anal canal to skin?
anocutaneous line
51
What name is given to scarpas fascia once it is covering the reproductive organs?
Colles' fascia
52
Which structure replaces Campers fascia in the male scrotum?
dartos muscle
53
how many layers make up the urogenital diaphragm?
3
54
Which muscles make up the muscular layer of the urogenital diaphragm?
sphincter urethrae
| deep transverse perineal muscles
55
which structures are contained in the deep perineal pouch in both males and females?
urethra, spincter urethrae, deep transverse perineal muscles, internal pudendal vessels, pudendal nerve
56
which structures are contained in the deep perineal pouch in females?
vagina
| dorsal nerves of the clitoris
57
Which structures are contained in the deep perineal pouch in males?
membranous urethra, dorsal nerves of the penis
bulbourethral glands
penile arteries
58
Where is the superficial perineal pouch?
between the perineal membrane and the skin
59
which muscles are contained in the superficial perineal pouch?
ischiocavernosus
bulbospongiosus
superficial transverse perineal muscles
60
Which nerve roots contribute to the sciatic nerve?
L4-S3
61
Which nerve roots contribute to the superior gluteal nerve?
L4-S1
62
Which nerve roots contribute to the inferior gluteal nerve?
L5-S2
63
Which muscle lies between the gluteal nerves?
piriformis
64
Which nerve roots contribute to nerve to obturator internus?
L5-S1
65
Which pelvic foramen does the nerve to obturator internus pass through?
lesser sciatic foramen
66
Which nerve roots contribute to nerve to piriformis?
S1-S2
67
Which nerve roots contribute to the pudendal nerve?
S2-S4
68
Which muscles are supplied by the pudendal nerve?
```
levator ani
external anal sphincter
external urethral sphincter
bulbospongiosus
ischiocavernosus
```
69
Are the pelvic splanchnic nerves sympathetic or parasympathetic?
parasympathetic
70
what nerve roots contribute to the pelvic splanchnic nerves?
S2-S4
71
Name the branches of the anterior division of the internal iliac artery?
```
umbilical
obturator
inferior vesical/uterine
inferior gluteal
middle rectal
internal pudendal
```
72
Name the branches of the posterior division of the internal iliac artery?
iliolumbar
lateral sacral
superior gluteal
73
Which pelvic ligaments form the greater and lesser sciatic foramen?
sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments
74
What two types of joint contribute to the sacroiliac joints?
fibrous
| synovial
75
which nerve roots supply psoas?
L2-L4 anterior rami
76
Which 2 muscles contribute to the pelvic floor?
levator ani
| coccygeus
77
which nerve roots supply coccygeus?
S4-S5
78
What are the 2 parts of levator ani?
pubococcygeus
| iliococcygeus
79
What name is given to the area of attachment of iliococcygeus to the fascia of obturator internus?
tendinous arch of levator ani
80
What nerve is formed from the posterior divisions of L2, 3 and 4?
femoral
81
What nerve is formed by the anterior divisions of L2, 3 and 4?
obturator
82
which side of the lower limb does the great saphenous vein run up?
medial
83
Does the short saphenous vein run up the anterior or posterior aspect of the leg?
posterior
84
What 2 groups make up the superficial inguinal lymph nodes?
horizontal
| vertical
85
what structures are drained by the horizontal inguinal lymph nodes?
anterior abdominal wall
lower half of the anal canal
posterior abdominal wall
86
What structures are drained by the vertical group of superficial inguinal lymph nodes?
superficial lower limb
87
what name is given to the thick fascia covering the anterior thigh?
fascia latae
88
what name is given to the lateral thickening of fascial latae?
iliotibial tract
89
in what layer of fascia is the saphenous hiatus found?
cribiform fascia
90
What tissue layers form the roof of the femoral triangle?
fascia latae
cribiform fascia
subcutaneous fat
skin
91
Which ligament forms the superior border of the femoral triangle (base)?
inguinal ligament
92
which muscle forms the lateral border of the femoral triangle?
sartorius
93
Which muscle forms the medial border of the femoral triangle?
adductor longus
94
what 2 muscles form the floor of the femoral triangle?
iliopsoas
| pectineus
95
What are the contents of the femoral triangle from lateral to medial?
nerve
artery
vein
lymphatics
96
which structure found within the femoral triangle is not contained within the femoral sheath?
femoral nerve
97
What is contained within the femoral canal?
fat and lymphatics
98
What hip flexors are contained within the anterior compartment of the thigh?
iliacus
psoas major
pectineus
sartorius
99
What knee extensors are contained within the anterior compartment of the thigh?
```
Quadriceps group:
rectus femoris
vastus medialis
vastus lateralis
vastus intermedius
```
100
Which nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the thigh?
femoral
101
Which part of quadriceps also acts as a hip flexor?
rectus femoris
102
Which part of the lower limb does the femoral nerve offer cutaneous supply to?
anteromedial thigh
103
What action is performed by muscles in the medial thigh?
hip adduction
104
Which muscles are contained within the medial thigh?
```
gracilis
adductor longus
adductor brevis
adductor magnus
obturator externus
```
105
which nerve supplies the muscles of the medial thigh?
obturator except hamstring part of adductor magnus
106
which nerve supplies the hamstring part of adductor magnus?
tibial nerve
107
which muscle contained within the medial thigh does not adduct the hip?
obturator externus
108
what movement is caused by obturator externus?
lateral rotation of the thigh (same as obturator internus)
109
the anterior and posterior divisions of the obturator nerve are names with regards to which muscle of the medial thigh?
adductor brevis
110
Which muscles form the boundaries of the adductor canal?
sartorius
vastus medialis
adductor longus
111
what structures pass through the adductor canal?
femoral vessels
| saphenous nerve
112
What name is given to the angle of the head and neck of the femur that brings the knees closer to the midline?
Angle of inclination
113
Which of the gluteal muscles are lateral rotators of the hip?
```
gluteus maximus
piriformis
obturator internus
gemelli
quadratus femoris
```
114
Which of the gluteal muscles are medial rotators and abductors of the hip?
gluteus medius and minimus
115
what is the main function of gluteus maximus?
hip extension
116
which nerve supplies glut maximus?
inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S2)
117
Which nerve supplies tensor fasciae latae?
superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)
118
Which foramen does piriformis pass through?
greater sciatic foramen
119
which nerve supplies piriformis?
anterior rami of S1 and 2
120
Which foramen does obturator internus pass through?
lesser sciatic foramen
NOT OBTURATOR FORAMEN
121
Which nerve supplies obturator internus?
nerve to obturator internus (L5-S1)
122
Which muscle runs in between the superior and inferior gemelli?
obturator internus
123
what is the origin of superior gemellus?
ischial spine
124
What is the origin of inferior gemellus?
ischial tuberosity
125
what nerve supplies superior gemellus?
nerve to obturator internus
126
What nerve supplies inferior gemellus?
nerve to quadratus femoris
127
What foramen do the gemelli pass through?
lesser sciatic foramen
128
What is he function of obturator externus?
laterally rotates the hip
129
Which nerve supplies obturator externus?
obturator nerve ( L3-4)
130
which nerve emerges below piriformis?
sciatic
131
The superior and inferior gluteal vessels and nerves are named in relation to which structure?
piriformis
132
Which branches are given off by the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh to supply the skin of the inferior half of the buttock?
inferior clunial nerves
133
Which vessel runs in the ligament of head of femur?
artery to head of femur
134
What movements are limited by the iliofemoral ligament?
extension
lateral rotation
adduction
abduction
135
what movements are limited by the pubofemoral ligament?
extension
| lateral rotation abduction
136
What movements are limited by the ischiofemoral ligament?
extension
medial rotation
adduction
137
what is the only ligament contributing to the posterior aspect of the acetabulum?
ischiofemoral ligament
138
Which arteries supply the hip joint?
artery to head of femur
medial circumflex femoral artery
lateral circumflex femoral artery
139
Which muscles make up the posterior compartment of the thigh?
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
biceps femoris
140
What are the rules for a true hamstring?
originate from ischial tuberosity
act at both the hip and the knee
supplied by tibial division of the sciatic nerve
141
Which hamstrings lie on the medial side of the posterior thigh?
semitendinosus and semimembranosus
142
Which part of biceps femoris isn't a true hamstring?
short head
143
Which nerve supplies the short head of biceps femoris?
common peroneal nerve
144
Which muscle rotates the knee laterally when flexed?
biceps femoris
145
Which muscles rotate the knee medially when flexed?
semimembranosus
semitendinosus
gracilis
sartorius
146
Which nerve runs deep to the long head of biceps femoris?
sciatic nerve
147
What two structures pierce the roof of the popliteal fossa?
sural nerve
| short saphenous nerve
148
The tendons of which muscles form the superior border of the popliteal fossa?
biceps femoris
semimembranosus
semitendinosus
149
Which muscle forms the inferior border of the popliteal fossa?
gastrocnemius
150
what structures are contained within the popliteal fossa?
popliteal artery
popliteal vein
tibial nerve
common peroneal nerve
151
which muscle forms the floor of the popliteal fossa?
popliteus
152
what name is given to the expansion of semimembranosus that reinforces the knee joint capsule?
oblique popliteal ligament
153
how many genicular branches does the popliteal artery have?
5
154
when does the femoral artery become the popliteal artery?
adductor hiatus
155
what are the terminal branches of the popliteal artery?
anterior and posterior tibial arteries
156
How many articulations make up the knee joint?
3
157
what names are given to the articulations of the knee joint?
femoropatellar
| femorotibial
158
Does the fibula articulate at the knee joint?
no
159
What structure holds the bursae of the knee joint in place?
articularis genu
160
which bursa of the knee runs behind the quads?
suprapatellar
161
which bursa of the knee lubricates the movements of gracilis, sartorius and semitendinosus?
anserine bursa
162
What are the extracapsular ligaments of the knee?
oblique popliteal
arcuate popliteal
medial and lateral collateral
163
what are the intracapsular ligaments of the knee?
anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
164
The medial meniscus is attached to the deep fibres of which ligament?
medial collateral
165
what is the function of PCL?
prevents femur sliding anteriorly on the tibia
166
what is the function of ACL?
prevents femur sliding posteriorly on the tibia
167
the cruciate ligaments limit rotation of the tibia in which direction?
medial
168
which movement is limited by the anteromedial band of ACL?
flexion
169
which movement is limited by the posterolateral band of ACL?
extension
170
Which movement is limited by the anterolateral band of PCL?
flexion
171
which movement is limited by posteromedial band of PCL?
extension
172
What tissue are the menisci composed of?
fibrocartilage
173
what are the functions of the menisci?
deepens articular surface
| shock absorption
174
which meniscus is C shaped and firmly attached to the tibial collateral ligament?
medial meniscus
175
which meniscus is circular and freely moveable?
lateral meniscus
176
What direction do the fibres of the interosseous membrane pass from tibia to fibula?
inferolaterally
177
What type of joint is the superior tibiofibular joint?
plane synovial
178
which four muscles are contained in the anterior compartment of the leg?
tibialis anterior
extensor digitorum longus
peroneus tertius
extensor hallucis
179
What is the function of the anterior compartment of the leg?
extension of the ankle and digits
180
which nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the leg?
deep peroneal nerve
181
besides dorsiflexion, what other movement is mediated by tibialis anterior?
inversion of the foot
182
Besides dorsiflexion, what other movement is mediated by peroneus tertius?
eversion of the foot
183
what shape is the inferior extensor retinaculum?
Y-shaped
184
where does the superior extensor of retinaculum span?
anterior border of tibia to lower end of fibula
185
what muscles are contained in the dorsum of the foot?
extensor hallucis brevis
| extensor digitorum brevis
186
which nerve supplies the muscles of the dorsum of the foot?
deep peroneal nerve
187
what muscles are contained in the lateral compartment of the leg?
peroneus longus
| peroneus brevis
188
what nerve supplies the lateral compartment of the leg?
superficial peroneal nerve
189
what is the function of the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg?
eversion of the foot
190
where do the tendons of the lateral compartment pass in relation to the lateral malleolus
posteriorly
191
what parts of the skin of the leg get cutaneous supply from the superficial peroneal nerve?
distal anterior surface of the leg
| dorsum of the foot
192
which nerve runs alongside the anterior tibial artery?
deep peroneal nerve
193
which nerve gives cutaneous innervation to the skin of the first web space?
deep peroneal nerve
194
which artery gives rise to the fibular artery that supplies the lateral compartment?
posterior tibial artery
195
where does the popliteal artery branch into anterior and posterior tibial arteries?
inferior border of popliteus
196
Dorsalis pedis is a branch of which artery?
anterior tibial artery
197
What are the branches of dorsalis pedis?
lateral tarsal artery
deep plantar artery
arcuate artery
198
What are the three superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?
gastrocnemius
plantaris
soleus
199
What common tendon unites the superficial muscles of the posterior leg?
tendocalcaneous
200
what are the four deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?
flexor digitorum longus
tibialis posterior
flexor hallucis longus
popliteus
201
which superficial muscle of the posterior leg aids in flexion of the knee?
gastrocnemius
202
which nerve supplies the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?
tibial nerve
203
what is the main function of the superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?
plantarflexion
204
what is the function of popliteus?
unlocks the knee joint by laterally rotating the femur on fixed tibia allowing full extension
205
In what order do structures pass behind the medial malleolus?
```
tibialis posterior
flexor digitorum longus
posterior tibial artery
posterior tibial vein
tibial nerve
flexor hallucis longus
```
206
what are the terminal branches of posterior tibial artery?
medial and lateral plantar arteries
207
what are the terminal branches of the tibial nerve?
medial and lateral plantar nerves
208
what kind of joint is the inferior tibiofibular joint?
syndesmosis
209
what name is given to the arch formed by the distal tibia and fibula that articulates with the trochlea of the talus?
malleolar mortise
210
why is there a greater ROM for plantarflexion than dorsiflexion?
the talus is wider posteriorly
211
which three ligaments make up the lateral collateral ligaments of the ankle?
anterior talofibular
posterior talofibular
calcaneofibular
212
What are the four parts of the deltoid ligament?
anterior tibiotalar
tibionavicular
tibiocalcaneal
posterior tibiotalar
213
what are the names of the bones of the foot?
```
phalanges
metatarsals
medial, intermediate and lateral cuneiforms
navicular
cuboid
calcaneus
talus
```
214
Is the navicular bone medial or lateral?
medial
215
Is the cuboid bone medial or lateral?
lateral
216
What are the muscle compartments of the foot?
```
dorsum
interossei
medial
central
lateral
```
217
what muscles are contained in the dorsum of the foot?
extensor digitorum brevis
| extensor hallucis brevis
218
what muscles are contained in the medial compartment of the foot?
abductor hallucis
| flexor hallucis brevis
219
what muscles are contained in the central compartment of the foot?
flexor digitorum brevis
lumbricals
quadratus plantae
aductor hallucis
220
what muscles are contained in the lateral compartment of the foot?
abductor digiti minimi
| flexor digiti minimi brevis
221
what three muscles lie in the first muscle layer of the sole of the foot?
abductor hallucis
flexor digitorum brevis
abductor digiti minimi
222
What muscles and tendons are contained in the second layer of the sole of the foot?
tendons of FDL and FHL
4 lumbricals
quadratus plantae
223
What three muscles are contained in the third layer of the sole of the foot?
flexor hallucis brevis
adductor hallucis
flexor digiti minimi brevis
224
What muscles and tendons are contained in the fourth layer of the sole of the foot?
interossei
| tendons of peroneus longus and tibialis posterior
225
How many plantar interossei are there?
3
226
what movement is mediated by the plantar interossei?
adduction (PAD) of the toes
227
How many dorsal interossei are there?
4
228
What movement is mediated by the dorsal interossei?
abduction (DAB) of the toes
229
which toe is the axial digit of the foot?
2nd toe
230
the plantar nerves are terminal branches of which nerve?
tibial nerve
231
Which muscles are supplied by the medial plantar nerve?
abductor hallucis
flexor digitorum brevis
1st lumbrical
flexor hallucis brevis
ALL THE REST SUPPLIED BY LATERAL PLANTAR NERVE
232
what bony arches are found in the foot?
longitudinal
| transverse
233
what is the function of the arches in the feet?
distribute weight
shock absorption
spring-boards
234
which bones are involved in the transverse arch?
cuboid and cuneiforms
235
what structures support the transverse arch?
tendon of tibialis posterior
tendon of peroneus longus
adductor hallucis
deep transverse metatarsal ligament
236
What bones are involved in the lateral longitudinal arch?
calcaneus
cuboid
4th and 5th metatarsals
237
what bones are involved in the medial longitudinal arch?
```
calcaneus
talus
navicular
cuneiforms
1st, 2nd and 3rd metatarsals
```
238
what structures provide dynamic support to the longitudinal arch?
intrinsic muscles of the foot
flexor hallucis longus
flexor digitorum longus
239
what structures provide passive support to the longitudinal arch?
calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament
calcaneocuboid (short plantar) ligament
Long plantar ligament
plantar aponeurosis
240
Where is weight distributed across the foot?
calcaneus and metatarsal heads
241
What joints are found in the foot?
```
subtalar
talonavicular
Talocaneal
calcaneocuboid
cuneonavicular
tarsometatarsal
metatarsophalangeal
interphalangeal
```
242
which two joints make up the midtarsal joint?
talonavicular
| calcaneocuboid
243
what kind of joint is the subtalar joint?
plane synovial
244
Which ligaments support the subtalar joint?
medial and lateral interosseous
| posterior talocalcaneal
245
describe the different types of joint contained in the talocalcaneonavicular joint?
talocalcaneal- plane synovial
| talonavicular- ball and socket
246
Which ligaments support the midtarsal joint?
```
bifurcate ligament
dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament
long plantar ligament
short plantar ligament
spring ligament
```
247
what is the function of the midtarsal joint?
augments inversion and eversion
248
which ligaments support the tarsometatarsal joints?
dorsal, plantar and interosseous ligaments bind the bones together
249
What type of joint are the MTPs?
synovial condyloid joint
250
What type of joint are the interphalangeal joints?
synovial hinge joints
251
the tendon of this muscle passes through the lesser sciatic foramen
obturator internus
252
this muscle is supplied with motor innervation by S1-S2 direct branches of the sacral plexus
piriformis
253
these muscles overlie the crura
ischiocavernosus
254
this muscle attaches to the perineal body
bulbospongiosus
255
What is the root value of the pelvic splanchnic nerves that carry sympathetic fibres?
S2-S4
256
Which nerve carries fibres from the sympathetic chain to the inferior hypogastric plexus?
sacral splanchnic
257
which nerve has a root value of S1-S2?
nerve to piriformis
258
which nerve forms branches that pass to the deep perineal pouch?
pudendal
259
is bulbospongiosus found in the deep or superficial perineal pouch?
superficial
260
which thigh muscle can receive innervation from both obturator and femoral nerves?
pectineus
261
Which thigh muscle can flex both the knee and the hip joints?
sartorius
262
what organs are contained in the superficial perineal pouch?
urethra
vagina, clitoris/penis
erectile tissue
nerves and vessels
263
What muscle divides the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck?
Sternocleidomastoid
264
What bone forms the base of the anterior triangle of the neck?
mandible
265
What are the two divisions of the anterior triangle of the neck?
submental
submandibular
carotid
muscular
266
what two structures are contained in the submental division of the anterior triangle of the neck?
submental lymph nodes
| beginning of anterior jugular vein
267
What structures are contained within the submandibular division?
```
submandibular salivary gland
submandibular lymph nodes
facial artery and vein
carotid sheath
hypoglossal nerve
```
268
What structures are contained within the carotid division of the anterior triangle of the neck?
carotid sheath
branches of external carotid artery
internal jugular vein
hypoglossal, accessory and vagus nerves
269
What structures are contained within the muscular division of the anterior triangle of the neck?
sternohyoid
| sternothyroid
270
Name the layers of the deep cervical fascia.
```
investing layer
pretracheal layer
prevertebral layer
Alar fascia
carotid sheath
```
271
Which nerve inervates platysmus?
Facial nerve
272
Where does the external jugular vein lie in comparison to the SCM?
posterior
273
Which vein lies deep to the SCM?
internal jugular vein
274
Loops of the cervical plexus lie anterior to which muscles?
levator scapulae
| scalenus medius
275
Which layer of deep cervical fascia lies over the cervical plexus?
pre-vertebral
276
which nerve root contribute to the cervical plexus?
C1-C4
277
which muscle group lies between the hyoid and the skull/mandiblel?
suprahyoid
278
Which muscle group lies between the hyoid and the sternum/thyroid cartilage?
infrahyoid
279
Which muscles make up the suprahyoid group?
```
stylohyoid
anterior belly of digastric
posterior belly of digastric
geniohyoid
mylohyoid
```
280
Which suprahyoid muscles are controlled by the facial nerve?
posterior belly of digastric
| stylohyoid
281
Which suprahyoid muscles are controlled by the mandibular branch of trigeminal?
anterior belly of digastric
| mylohyoid
282
Which suprahyoid muscle is innervated by the hypoglossal nerve?
geniohyoid
283
Name the infrahyoid muscles
omohyoid
sternohyoid
thyrohyoid
sternothyroid
284
Which of the infrahyoid muscles IS NOT innervated by ansa cervicalis?
thyrohyoid
285
Which nerve innervated thyrohyoid?
ansa cervicalis
286
Name the terminal branches of common carotid?
internal and external
287
what structure is supplies by internal carotid?
brain
288
what areas are supplied by the external carotid?
head, face and neck
289
what structures run in the carotid sheath?
common carotid
internal jugular vein
vagus nerve
290
What three branches of external carotid are found in the anterior triangle of the neck?
facial artery
lingual artery
superior thyroid artery
291
Where does the thyroid lie?
from lamina of thyroid cartilage to 6th tracheal ring
292
on which surface of the thyroid are the parathyroid glands embedded?
posterior
293
Which artery is the first anterior branch of external carotid?
superior thyroid
294
from which artery does the inferior thyroid artery arise?
thyrocervical trunk, a branch of subclavian
295
What veins drain the thyroid?
2 superior thryoid
2 middle thyroid
2 inferior thyroid
296
where does the submandibular gland open into the mouth?
one duct each side between the first and second lower incisor (either side of frenulum)
297
What nerve supplies the submandibular salivary gland?
facial nerve
298
What muscle forms the anterior border of the posterior triangle of the neck?
posterior border of SCM
299
What muscle forms the posterior border of the posterior triangle of the neck?
anterior border of trapezius
300
which bone forms the base of the posterior triangle of the neck?
clavicle
301
what are the contents of the posterior triangle of the neck?
external jugular vein, roots of brachial plexus, accessory nerve, cervical and supraclavicular lymph nodes
302
Which nerves pass through the posterior triangle of the neck?
```
lesser occipital
great auricular
transverse cervical
lateral supraclavicular
intermediate supraclavicular
medial supraclavicular
```
303
does the internal or external jugular vein run in the posterior triangle of the neck?
external
304
What are the two parts of the retromandibular vein?
anterior
| posterior
305
which division of the retromandibular vein drains into external jugular?
posterior
306
which division of the retromandibular vein drains into the internal jugular?
anterior
307
the facial vein drains into which division of the retromandibular vein?
anterior
308
The superficial temporal vein drains into which division of the retromandibular vein?
posterior
309
which nerve lies on the anterior surface of anterior scalene?
phrenic
310
the roots of the brachial plexus pass between which two muscles?
anterior and middle scalene
311
which nerves give pain and proprioception to SCM?
C2, C3
312
what neck movements are mediated by SCM?
lateral flexion with rotation
extension at atlanto-occipital joints
flexion of cervical vertebrae when person is supine
313
what movement is mediated by the ascending fibres of trapezius?
depress the scapula
314
what movement is mediated by the transverse fibres of trapezius?
retraction of scapula
315
what movement is mediated by the descending fibres of trapezius?
elevate scapula and rotate glenoid cavity
316
Which branches of the cervical plexus give proprioception to trapezius?
C3, C4
317
which part of omohyoid passes into the posterior triangle?
posterior belly
318
which nerve supplies levator scapulae?
dorsal scapular nerve
319
Which rib do anterior and middle scalene attach to?
rib 1
320
which rib does posterior scalene attach to?
rib 2
321
From what spinal level does the suboccipital nerve arise from?
C1
322
What structures does the suboccipital nerve supply?
muscles of the suboccipital triangle
323
From what spinal level does the greater occipital nerve arise from?
C2
324
What structures does the greater occipital nerve supply?
skin over neck and occipital bone
325
What spinal level does the lesser occipital nerve arise from?
C2-3
326
what structures does the lesser occipital nerve supply?
skin over posterolateral neck and scalp posterior to the ear
327
describe the attachments of splenius capitus.
nuchal ligament, C3-T3 spinous processes to occipital bone and mastoid.
328
describe the attachments of splenius cervicis.
T3-T6 spinous processes to C1-2 transverse processes
329
which nerves supply splenius capitis and splenius cervicis?
posterior rami of C1-C6
330
What is the function of semispinalis capitis?
extends cervical spine, bends to same side and rotates to opposite side
331
what is the function of longissmus capitis
extends gead, flexes and rotates head to same side
332
which nerve supplies rectus capitis posterior major and minor, and oliquus capitis superior and inferior?
suboccipital nerve
333
Which artery do the vertebral arteries arise from?
subclavian
334
which foramen of the cervical vertebrae do the vertebral arteries pass through?
transverse foramen
335
the occipital veins run alongside which nerve'?
suboccipital nerve
336
whiere does the deep cervical vein drain?
vertebral veins at C7
337
which joint allows nodding?
atlanto-occipital
338
which joint allows shaking of the head?
atlantoaxial
339
what ligament does the fibrous capsule of the parotid become?
stylomandibular ligament
340
where does the parotid duct enter the oral cavity?
pierces buccal fat pad and buccinator to enter the oral cavity at the upper second molar.
341
superficial temporal and maxillary arteries arise from which artery?
external carotid
342
which structure divides the parotid gland into superior and inferior parts?
facial nerve
343
which nerve supplies the parotid gland?
glossopharyngeal
344
which nerve innervated the muscles of mastication?
mandibular division of trigeminal
345
which branches of the mandibular branch of trigeminal supply temporalis?
deep temporal nerve
346
what are the 5 movements of the mandible?
elevation, depression, protrusion, retrusion and lateral chewing
347
which branches arise from the anterior division of the mandibular nerve?
masseteric nerve
nerve to lateral pterygoid
2x deep temporal
buccal nerve
348
which branches arise from the posterior division of mandibular nerve
auriculotemporal
lingual
inferior alveolar
349
which branch of CN V3 carries postganglionic parasympathetics from the otic ganglion to the parotid?
auriculotemporal
350
Which branch of CN V3 carries the chorda tympani to the submandibular and sublingual glands?
lingual nerve
351
what are the terminal branches of the external carotid artery?
maxillary and superficial temporal
352
What are the posterior branches of the external carotid artery?
occipital
posterior auricular
ascending pharyngeal
353
what are the anterior branches of the external carotid artery?
superior thyroid
lingual
facial
354
What structures make up the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa?
anterior- posterior surface of the maxila
posterior- styloid process
superior- infratemporal surface of the greater wing of sphenoid
medial- lateral pterygoid plate
lateral- ramus of mandible
355
What muscles are contained within the infratemporal fossa?
medial and lateral pterygoid
356
Which nervous structures are contained in the infratemporal fossa?
mandibular division of trigeminal
chorda tympani
otic ganglion
357
which vessels are contained within the infratemporal fossa?
maxillary artery and branches
| pterygoid venous plexus
358
What are the pre-division branches of CN V3?
meningeal branch
nerve to medial pterygoid
communicating branch (tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini)
359
Describe the path of the maxillary artery in relation to lateral pterygoid.
maxillary artery passes between the two heads of lateral pterygoid to go into the pterygomaxillary fissure
360
what are the three parts of the maxillary artery called?
mandibular
pterygoid
pterygopalatine
361
what are the branches of pterygopalatine part of maxillary artery?
```
posterior superior alveolar
infraorbital
anterior superior alveolar
palatine
pharyngral
sphenopalatine
```
362
which vein drains the pterygoid venous plexus?
maxillary vein
363
which venous plexus found in the infratemporal fossa can act as a route for the spread of infection?
pterygoid venous plexus
364
which branch of the facial nerve runs alongside the lingual nerve?
chorda tympani
365
which cranial nerve synapses in the otic ganglion?
CN IX
366
which nerves pass through the otic ganglion?
CN IX, postganglionic sympathetic fibres, motot nerves to tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini
367
describe the TMJ
synovial joint between the head of the mandible and mandibular fossa and articualr tubercle on the squamous part of the temporal bone
368
which ligaments support the TMJ?
Temporomandibular (lateral)
sphenomandibular
sylomandibular
369
What is the function of the articular disc in the TMJ?
increases congruity of articular surfaces
370
What movement occurs between the articular disc and head of the mandible?
elevation and depression (hinge)
371
What movement occurs between the articular disc and mandibular fossa?
protrusion and retraction
| gliding
372
What movements of the TMJ close the mouth?
elevation and retraction
373
what movements of the TMJ open the mouth?
depression and protrusion
374
What branches of the facial nerve supply the muscles of facial expression?
```
temporal
zygomatic
buccal
mandibular
cervical
posterior auricular
```
375
occipitalis, stylohyoid and post. belly of digastric are supplied by which branch of the facial nerve?
posterior auricular
376
frontalis and orbicularis oculi are supplied by which branch of the facial nerve?
temporal
| zygomatic also supplies orbicularis occuli
377
zygomaticus major and minor, levator labii superioris, levator anguli oris, buccinator, orbicularis oris and nasalis are all supplied by which branch of the facial nerve?
buccal
378
which muscle is supplied by the cervical branch of the facial nerve?
platysma
379
Which muscles are supplied by the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve?
depressor anguli oris
depressor labii oris
mentalis
380
what are the layers of the scalp?
```
skin
connective tissue
aponuerosis
loose areloar connective tissue
periosteum
```
381
supratrochlear and supraorbital arteries supplying the scalp are branches of which artery?
internal carotid
382
superficial temporal, posterior auricular and occipital arteries supplying the scalp are branches of which artery?
external carotid
383
which structure allows communication between the cerebral hemispheres?
corpus callosum
384
which arteries run in the longitudinal fissure of the brain?
anterior cerebral
385
Which artery runs in the lateral fissure of the brain?
middle cerebral artery
386
which sulcus separates the motor and sensory cortex?
central sulcus
387
diencephalon is the collective name for which structures?
thalamus and hypothalamus, pineal gland
388
is the corpus callosum composed of white or grey matter?
white
389
which tracts occur between gyri of the same hemisphere?
association tracts
390
which tracts run from one hemisphere to the corresponding region of the other?
commisural tracts
391
which fibres run from the cerebrum to the thalamus, brainstem etc?
projection fibres
392
what is the main action of the basal ganglia?
to regulate initiation and termination of body movements
393
which part of the diencephalon produces melatonin?
pineal gland
394
which part of the diencephalon acts as a major sensory relay system?
thalamus
395
which part of the diencephalon regulated the ANS and homeostasis?
hypothalamus
396
what is the function of the superior colliculi in the midbrain?
visual tracking and scanning
397
what is the function of the inferior colliculi in the midbrain?
auditory startle reflex
398
which cranial nerves arise from the midbrain?
III and IV
399
which cranial nerves arise from the pons?
V, VI, VII and vestibular
400
which cranial nerves arise from the medulla?
IX, X, XI, XII and cochlear
401
what is contained in the medullary pyramids?
motor tracts
402
what is the function of the olivary nuclei?
proprioception
403
what structure connects the lobes of the cerebellum?
vermis
404
what structures allow the cerebellum to connect to other areas of the brain?
cerebellar peduncles
405
what part of the sphenoid bone does the pituitary gland sit in?
sella turcica
406
which layer of the meninges forms the venous sinuses?
dura
407
what name is given to the fold of dura between cerebra hemisperes?
falx cerebri
408
what name is giving to the tent of dura over the cerebellum?
tentorium cerebelli
409
which arteries supply the meninges?
anterior meningeal
middle meningeal
posterior meningeal
410
which cranial nerve gives most of the supply to the dura?
trigeminal
411
which foramina connects the lateral and third ventricles?
interventricular foramen of monro
412
which foramen connects the 3rd and fourth ventricles?
cerebral aqueduct
413
what is the function of CSF?
mechanical and physical protection to the brain and spinal cord.
414
The olfactory nerve is an outgrowth of which brain region?
telencephalon
415
the optic nerve is an outgrowth of which brain region?
diencephalon
416
Which cranial nerves pass through the cavernous venous sinus?
III, IV, V1, V2, VI
417
which bones contribute to the orbit?
```
sphenoid
frontal
zygoma
maxilla
ethmoid
lacrimal
```
418
in which bone are are optic canal and superior orbital fissure found?
sphenoid
419
what structures are contained within the orbit?
```
eyeball
fat and connective tissue
extraocular muscles
nerves
blood vessels
```
420
what are the tarsal plated made of?
dense connective tissue
421
what is the function of the suspensory ligaments in the orbit?
support the eyeball
422
what is the function of the check ligaments in the orbit?
restrict medial and lateral rectus
423
What structure lies at the blind spot of the retina?
optic disc
424
what substance is produced by the ciliary body?
aqueous humor
425
where does the aqueous humor anterior to the lens drain?
via corneo-scleral junction
426
what type of humor is found posterior to the lens?
virtreous humor
427
is dilator pupillae under sympathetic or parasympathetic control?
sympathetic
428
is sphincter pupillae under sympathetic or parasympathetic control?
parasympathetic
429
which nerve gives parasympathetics to sphincter pupillae?
CN III
430
what is the function of the ciliary muscle?
changes the shape of the lens for accommodation
431
what shape is the lens when the ciliary muscles are relaxed?
lens stretched thin to refract light for distance vision
432
what shape is the lens when the ciliary bodies are contracted?
lens becomes more spherical to refract light for near vision
433
what are the 7 extraocular muscles
levator palpebrae superioris
superior, inferior, medial and lateral recti
superior and inferior oblique
434
which nerve supplies lateral rectus?
abducent
435
which nerve supplies superior oblique?
trochlear
436
what branches of the ophthalmic nerve supply the orbit?
```
lacrimal
frontal
nasociliary
supraorbital
supratrochlear
```
437
which nerve gives secretomotor fibres to the lacrimal apparatus?
facial
438
which muscles are associated with the nose?
nasalis
levator labii superioris
alaeque nasi
naris
439
which nerve controls the small muscles associated with the nose?
facial nerve
440
which arteries supply the external nose?
anterior and posterior ethmoidal
sphenopalatine and greater palatine
septal
441
which artery gives rise to anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries?
ophthalmic
442
which artery gives rise to spenopalatone and greater palatine artery?
maxillary
443
which artery gives rise to the septal branch?
facial
444
which nerves supply the external nose?
CN V1
| CN V2
445
what name is given to the area of the nose just inside the nostril?
vestibule
446
what names are given to the spaces between conchae?
meatus
447
where do the frontal, anterior and middle ethmoidal and maxillary sinuses drain?
middle meatus
448
where does the posterior ethmoidal sinus drain?
superior meatus
449
where does the sphenoidal sinus drain?
spheno-ethmoidal recess
450
which of the paranasal sinuses is not innervated by CNV1?
maxillary
451
what name is given to the more anterior fold seen lateral to the uvula?
palatoglossal arch
452
what name is given to the more posterior fold seen lateral to the uvula?
palatopharyngeal arch
453
what tissue can be found lying between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches?
palatine tonsils
454
which muscle forms a diaphragm in the floor of the mouth?
mylohyoid
455
which nerve supplies posterior belly of digastric and stylohyoid?
facial
456
which nerve supplies anterior belly of digastric and mylohyoid?
CN V3
457
which nerve supplies geniohyoid?
C1
458
where does the submandibular gland enter the oral cavity?
between 1st and second incisors either side of the frenulum in the floor of the mouth
459
describe the relation of the lingual nerve to the submandibular duct.
superior then passes inferior
460
describe the relation of the hypoglossal nerve to the submandibular duct.
inferior
461
name the 4 types of taste bud
foliate
vallate
filiform
fungiform
462
what kind of taste bud forms the border between anterior and posterior tongue at the terminal sulcus?
Vallate
463
what nerve gives taste sensation to the anterior 2/3 tongue?
facial
464
what nerve gives general sensation to anterior 2/3 tongue?
CN V3
465
what nerve gives taste sensation and general sensation to the posterior tongue?
glossopharyngeal
466
which nerve gives motor supply to the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
CN XII
467
name the extrinsic muscles of the tongue.
genioglossus
palatoglossus
styloglossus
hyoglossus
468
which extrinsic tongue muscle is NOT innervated by CN XII?
palatoglossus, CN X
469
which artery supplies the tongue?
lingual artery
470
which vein drains the tongue?
lingual vein
471
where does lymph from the tip of the tongue drain?
submental
472
where does lymph from the lateral edges of the tongue drain?
submandibular
473
where does lymph from the posterior and central tongue drain to?
deep cervical nodes
474
which bones make up the hard palate?
maxilla and 2 palatine bones
475
which nerve innervates the glands embedded in the mucosa of the hard palate?
facial
476
how does the soft palate attach to the hard palate?
palatine aponeurosis
477
what are the muscles of the soft palate?
```
levator veli palatini
tensor veli palatini
musculus uvulae
palatoglossus
palatopharyngeus
```
478
which of the muscles of the soft palate is NOT innervated by the vagus nerve?
tensor veli palatini
479
which nerve gives rise to the greater and lesser palatine branches?
CN V2
480
which nerve supplies the upper teeth and gums?
CN V2
481
Which nerve supplies the lower teeth and gums?
CN V3
482
which artery gives rise to the alveolar branches supplying the teeth and gums?
maxillary
483
At what level does the pharynx meet the oesophagus?
C6
484
what sort of epithelium lines the nasopharynx?
respiratory
485
what structures form the roof of the nasopharynx?
sphenoid
occipital
pharyngeal tonsil
486
what structures form the floor of the nasopharynx?
soft palate
487
what structures form the anterior wall of the nasopharynx?
nasal passages
488
what structures from the posterior wall of the nasopharynx?
roof and C1
489
what structures form the lateral wall of the nasopharynx?
eustachian tube
| salpingopharyngeal fold
490
what structures form the roof of the oropharynx?
soft palate
491
what structures form the floor of the oropharynx?
posterior third of tongue
lingual tonsil
glossoepiglottic fold
492
what structures lie posterior to the oropharynx?
C2/3
493
what structures form the lateral walls of the oropharynx?
palatoglossal
palatopharyngeal
palatine tonsil
494
what structure lies anterior to the laryngopharynx?
larynx
495
what structures lie posterior to the laryngopharynx?
C3-6
496
which structures lie lateral to the laryngopharynx?
supported by thyroid cartilage, aryepiglottic fold and thyrohyoid membrane
497
what is the function of superior constrictor?
pushes food bolus downwards and raises pharyngeal wall and pulls it forwards towards nasal cavities.
498
which nerve gives motor supply to the constrictor muscles of the larynx?
vagus
499
what name is given to the muscle fibres of inferior constrictor that pass to the midline?
thyropharyngeus
500
what name is given to the circular fibres of inferior constrictor?
cricopharyngeus
501
which constrictor muscles does stylopharyngeus pass between?
superior and middle
502
which nerve supplies stylopharyngeus?
glossopharyngeal
503
what is the function of stylopharyngeus?
elevates pharynx and larynx during swallowing
504
which nerve supplies salpingopharyngeus and palatopharyngeus?
vagus
505
what is the function of palatopharyngeus and salpingopharyngeus?
elevates pharynx
506
which nerve gives sensory supply to the nasopharynx?
CN V2
507
which nerve gives sensory supply to the oropharynx?
CN IX
508
which nerve gives sensory supply to the laryngopharynx?
CN X
509
which nerves contribute fibres to the pharyngeal plexus?
CN IX, CN X and sympathetics
510
which arteries supply the upper pharynx?
maxillary
facial
external carotid
511
where does lymph from the pharynx drain?
retropharyngeal and paratracheal nodes
512
which muscles lie posterior to the pharynx but anterior to the vertebrae?
longus colli
longus capitis
rectus capitis anterior
rectus capitis lateralis
513
which nerves supply longus capitis?
C1-3 anterior rami
514
where on the vertebral column does longus capitis attach?
transverse processes of C3-6
515
which nerves supply longus colli?
ventral rami of C2-6
516
which nerves supply the rectus capitus muscles?
C1-2 ventral rami
517
where does the sympathetic chain run in relation to the vagus nerve in the neck?
medial
518
which cartilage forms the laryngeal prominence?
thyroid cartilage
519
which muscles connect to the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage?
sternothyroid
thyrohyoid
inferior constrictor
520
which ligament attaches the cricoid cartilage to the trachea?
cricotracheal ligament
521
what sort of cartilage forms the epiglottis?
elastic cartilage
522
which structures does the epiglottis attach to anteriorly?
hyoid
| thyroid cartilage
523
which structures does the epiglottis attach to laterally?
arytenoid cartilages
524
what ligament attaches the arytenoid cartilages to the epiglottis?
quadrangular ligament
525
the free upper border of which membrane forms the vocal ligament?
cricothyroid membrane
526
the lower free border of which ligament forms the false vocal fold?
quadrangular ligament
527
what is the rima glottis?
the most posterior space between the vocal folds
528
which muscles elevate the larynx?
digastric, stylohyoid, mylohyoid, geniohyoid
529
which muscles depress the larynx?
sternothyroid, sternohyoid, omohyoid
530
which nerve innervates cricothyroid?
external laryngeal branch of vagus
531
which is the only intrinsic muscle of the larynx found anteriorly?
cricothyroid
532
what is the function of thyroarytenoid?
pull arytenoids forwards towards thyroid cartilage- makes folds shorter
533
what nerve supplies thyroarytenoid?
recurrent laryngeal nerve (vagus)
534
what is the function of posterior cricoarytenoid?
abduction of vocal folds
535
what nerve supplies posterior cricoarytenoid?
recurrent laryngeal nerve
536
what is the function of lateral cricoarytenoid?
adduction of vocal folds
537
what nerve supplies lateral cricoarytenoid?
recurrent laryngeal nerve
538
what is the function of the oblique arytenoid?
sphincter of laryngeal inlet
539
what nerve supplies the function of the oblique arytenoid?
recurrent laryngeal
540
what is the function of transverse arytenoid?
closure of rima glottidis
541
what nerve supplies the transverse arytenoid?
recurrent laryngeal
542
which arteries supply the larynx?
superior thyroid
inferior laryngeal
inferior thyroid
543
where does lymph from the larynx drain to?
paratracheal nodes
| deep cervical nodes
544
which nerve supplies tensor tympani?
CN V3
545
which nerve supplies stapedius?
CN VII
546
which nerve supplies the tympanic cavity?
CN IX
547
how does the chorda typani leave the tympanic cavity?
petrotympanic fissure
548
the contraction of which muscle allows the eustachian tube to open?
tensor veli palatini
