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Year 11 human bio > Semester 1 exam > Flashcards

Semester 1 exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is nervous tissue

A

Forms the brain, spinal-cord and nerves

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2
Q

What is the function of a red blood cell

A
  • Transports oxygen via haemoglobin

- HbO2

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3
Q

Cell membrane

A

Determines what enters/exits the cell

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4
Q

Anabolic reaction

A

When two or more substances react to form one

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5
Q

Centrioles

A

Involved in sellular production

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6
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Connect the cell membrane to the nuclear membrane and provide a surface for chemical reactions to occur

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7
Q

Lysosome

A

Attack bacteria with enzymes

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8
Q

Inclusions

A

Stores nutrients/dutoplasmic substances, secretory products and pigment granules

nonliving

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9
Q

Types of anabolic reaction

A

Lock and key and induced fit

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10
Q

Catabolic reaction

A

Breaking down molecules into small molecules

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11
Q

Mitochondria

A

Releases energy for the cells through respiration

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12
Q

What affects the rate of enzyme activity

A

The concentration of enzymes and substrate. A chemical reaction occurs when an enzyme and the substrate collide. The more molecules present the greater the chance of reaction

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13
Q

How many molecules of ATP are created during cellular respiration

A

30 to 38

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14
Q

What is a co-enzyme?

A

Something that may be required for enzyme function. these bind to the enzyme to temporarily activate it. Could be ions, vitamins

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15
Q

Ribosome

A

Where amino acids join to make proteins

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16
Q

What are the three types of muscular tissue

A

Skeletal, smooth, cardiac.

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17
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Packages materials for Endocytosos & exocytosis

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18
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

Anaerobic. Pyruvate is completely broken down into six carbon dioxide molecules. Takes place in the mitochondria matrix. Produces two ATP molecules

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19
Q

Electron transport chain

A

Electrons get transported from molecule to molecule creating a series of chemical reactions. Water is a product of these reactions. Makes 32 to 34 ATP molecules by adding one phosphate to each ADP molecule.

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21
Q

What are the 6 functions of the circulatory system

A

Carry oxygen and nutrients to the cells around the body, removes waste from the body, bring oxygen into body from lungs, circulate blood to body, maintain body temp and white blood cells fat infection

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22
Q

How is ATP turned into energy

A

I phosphate molecules is stripped from ATP to make ADP again. This releases energy and enables biological work.

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23
Q

Cytosol

A

The fluid in the cytoplasm

75 to 90% water

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24
Q

What do cells get rid of

A 
– Retired organelles
– Carbon dioxide
– Urea – through urine – made from excess protein
– Water
– Salts
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26
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A tissue is a group of cells that are similar in structure that work together to carry out a particular task.

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27
What is an organ
Organs are body structures that are made up of two or more types of tissues. The tissues of an organ work together to carry out a particular task.
28
What are the different types of tissue
Connective tissue, epithelial tissue, muscular tissues, nervous tissue.
29
What are cell requirements
``` – Appropriate temp – Glucose – energy – Oxygen – cellular respiration – Amino acids – to make proteins – H2O – Vitamins, minerals and ions – The right pH ```
30
What are the requirements of a solute to be able to cross a membrane via diffusion
So it’s need to be small, soluble in fat, uncharged to cross membranes via diffusion
31
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
We are protein synthesis happens (the production of proteins)
32
Nucleolus
Ribosome production | Carries out RNA synthesis
32
Vesicle
Pocket that aids in endocytosus and exocytosis
34
What is epithelial tissue
Very smooth surface, lining tissue. Forms the outer layer of the skin, heart, kidneys, intestine‘s, liver and lungs. Lines inside of stomach and intestines.
35
What are the inputs and outputs of cellular respiration
Inputs – glucose and oxygen | Outputs – carbon dioxide and water
36
Cytoplasm
The contents of the cell
36
What is connective tissue
Connective tissue makes up bone, Cartlidge, tendons, ligaments, fat storage tissues, and blood.
37
Give a definition of diffusion
The movement of material from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration across a semipermeable membrane.
38
Give a definition of osmosis
Movement of water from a diluted solution to a more concentrated solution across a semipermeable membrane
39
Enzymes
Catalysts that lower the activation energy required for a chemical reaction. enzymes aid chemical reactions to occur.
39
What is the difference between hypertonic isotonic and hypotonic solutions
A hypotonic solution is not really concentrated with solutes An isotonic solution is an equal amount of solute concentration on either side of the membrane A hypertonic solution is really concentrated with solutes
40
What are the functions of blood
``` Transport oxygen around the body Transports nutrients ( glucose, amino acids, ions) Transports waste CO2 to lungs Helps fight pathogens Contains platelets to prevent bleeding Maintains/controls body temp Maintains pH ```
41
Glycolysis
Anaerobic and takes place in the cytoplasm. Two ATP molecules are made.
42
What is the function of a white blood cell
Fights pathogen‘s using Endocytosis
43
Nucleus
Holds DNA and RNA and has a selectively permeable membrane
44
What are the five functions of bones
``` – Store nutrients – Structure – Protection of vital organs – Read Marro within spongy bone creates red blood cells – Movement ```
45
What is a Lacuna
A depression in which the osteocyte sits
46
What is an osteocyte
A bone cell
47
What is cartilage made of
– Collagen,chondrin , chondroblasts, connective tissue, chondrocyte, Lacuna
48
What are the types of joints
Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
49
What are the types of synovial joints
``` Hinge - elbow Saddle - base of thumb Gliding - carpals Condyloid - metacarpal & phalanges Ball and socket - hip Pivot - between radius & ulna ```
50
What are the types of valve within the heart
Atroiventricular valves: - tricuspid - between ra & rv - bicuspid - between la & lv Semilunar valves: - pulmonary - RV & pulmonary artery - aortic - LV and aorta
51
What is ventricular sistole
When the ventricles contract, forcing the atrioventricular valves to shut and the semilunar valve to open due to pressure
52
Key points for graphs
- The title links the independent and dependent variable - dependent variable on the Y axis - independent variable on the X axis - dependent variable is the thing being measured
53
How is water absorbed into the body
In the large intestine by osmosis
54
How are simple sugars absorbed into the body
By active transport in the villi going into the blood capillaries
55
How are amino acids absorbed into the body
By active transport into the villi and into the blood capillaries
56
How are fatty acids and glyceryl absorbed into the body
They are absorbed into the lacteal of the villi by simple diffusion
57
What is a ligament
Muscle – muscle
58
What is a tendon
Muscle – bone
59
What substances are absorbed into the lacteal
Fatty acid‘s and Glycerol, fat soluble vitamins, fat soluble minerals
60
What substances absorbed into the villi capillaries
Simple sugars, amino acids, water soluble vitamins
61
Hyaline cartilage
Found at joints and form rings of trachea and bronchi
62
Elastic Cartlidge
Ear
63
Fibro Cartlidge
Meniscus, discs of spinal column, tissue joining two sides of the pelvis
64
What are the functions of the liver
Turning ammonia into your area by adding carbon dioxide Produces bile
65
What are the two types of an articular capsule Capsule where knee joint occurs
Fibrous capsule – outer layer – dense fibrous connective tissue Synovial membrane – inner layer
66
What does gastric juice contain?
HCl & protease
67
What’s pancreatic juice
Juice secreted into the duodenum, created in the pancreas. Contains enzymes for breaking down food
68
What is elimination
Solid waste (feces)
69
What do carrier proteins do?
The transport molecules across a membrane that otherwise won’t go through. Proteins - too large Ions Active transport of amino acids and glucose
70
Pathway of ammonia
Excess amino acids ( amino group) are sent to the liver. Liver adds CO2 to ammonia to turn it into urea. Then goes through bloodstream to kidneys
71
How is carbon dioxide transported out of the body?
- Dissolved in plasma - Bonds to haemoglobin - carbaminohaemoglobin - Forms with hydrogen - forms bicarbonate
72
Components of blood
Leukocytes Thrombocytes Erythrocytes Plasma
73
What does the lymphatic system do?
Helps fight disease and infection
74
What are the lamellae made of
Collagen
75
14 different muscles
Biceps, triceps, gastrocnemius, trapezius, deltoid, quadriceps, hamstrings, tibialis anterior, adductor group, latissimus dorsi, soleus, abdominals, gluteus maximums, pectorials
76
15 bones
Humerus, metacarpals, carpals, phalanges, ulna, radius, ribs, sternum, pelvis, femur, patella, fibula, tibia, tarsals, metatarsals,
77
Cellular requirements
Oxygen, glucose, amino acids, vitamins/minerals, water, appropriate temp and pH
78
What do cells get rid of
Retired organelles, carbon dioxide, urea, water, salts

Year 11 human bio (4 decks)

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