Semester 1 Final Flashcards

0
Q

What is an epic?

A

A long poem that describes the actions and adventures of heroic or legendary figures

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1
Q

What is kelos?

A

Glory, fame, and immortality in memory of others

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2
Q

What is a hero?

A

Brave, stands up for beliefs, tough, has good morals, noble, does good deeds, a leader

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3
Q

Who wrote the Iliad?

A

Homer

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4
Q

Who are the most significant Greek gods in the Iliad?

A

Achilles, Zeus, Hera, Aphrodite

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5
Q

What role did the gods play in the lives of mortals?

A

They manipulated them

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6
Q

What sparked the Trojan war?

A
  • A love triangle

- Paris stole Memelaus’ wife, Helen

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7
Q

What is a City-State?

A

Size of a city but functions as an independent nation

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8
Q

Delian league

A

Alliance of all the city states

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9
Q

Heinrich Schliemann

A

German businessman who believed he found the treasure of Priam (jewels of Helen). Also, he believed he found the death mask of Agamemnon

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10
Q

Schliemann believed the site of ancient Troy is modern day…

A

Turkey

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11
Q

What are the differences between Athens and Sparta?

A

Athens- gives everyone equal chances, always trying to get more, value in arts, big goals, reached a golden age

Sparta- warlike, not educated, slaves, farmers, shouldn’t desire wealth

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12
Q

What did Pericles attempt to do? What was his goal?

A
  • He wants his city-state (Athens) to be successful

- helped Athens become a famous city

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13
Q

Why was Oedipus considered a tragic figure?

A
  • Virtuous but destined for a downfall, noble character fallen through fate
  • he was destined to kill his father and marry his mother
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14
Q

Fate

A

Destiny, development of events beyond a persons control

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15
Q

Free will

A

Ability of a person to make choices and control the course of their own life

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16
Q

How did Oedipus have fate?

A

-He tried to run away from his fate but in the end he couldn’t

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17
Q

How does Oedipus have free will?

A

He made his own decisions throughout his life

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18
Q

What was Achilles fate?

A

If he stayed and fought, his glory would live on

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19
Q

What are the different branches of philosophy?

A
  • Metaphysics
  • Ethics
  • Epistemology
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20
Q

Metaphysics

A

-What’s what, reality

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21
Q

Ethics

A

-what’s good, value

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22
Q

Epistemology

A

What do we know, knowledge

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23
Q

How are Zeno and Heraclitus alike?

A

They both deal with metaphysics

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24
Q

How are Zeno and Heraclitus different

A

Zeno believes change is an illusion and doesn’t actually happen. Heraclitus believes change is always happening

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25
Q

Socrates

A
  • Greek philosopher
  • goal was to get people to think for themselves
  • believed death is a gain, everlasting sleep
  • believed the unexamined life is not worth living
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26
Q

Why was Socrates put to death?

A

for “corrupting the youth” by questioning the gods

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27
Q

Plato

A

The physical world is a copy of an ideal world

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28
Q

What is Plato’s allegory of the cave?

A

Our world-crumbled cookie
World of forms-cookie cutter world
Our world is imperfect and we need something more

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29
Q

What is plato’s realm of the forms?

A

Independent realm- eternal, unchanging, invisible

Basis for objects we see on earth

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30
Q

What is the purpose of Aristotle philosophy?

A

To prove our sensory experiences can inform our reality, show rational explanation for the physical world

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31
Q

Aristotle

A
  • doesn’t agree with Plato, his ideas are more rational

- tried to prove there is more than one reason or cause as to why something exists

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32
Q

Aristotle’s 4 causes

A

Material cause- the physical matter that something is made of
Formal cause- what the thing is intended to be
Efficient cause- the method by which something is produced
Final cause- the reason it exists

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33
Q

Telos

A

End, purpose, or goal

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34
Q

What is a hegemony?

A

A dominant society exerting political, social, cultural, ideological, or economic influence of authority over others

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35
Q

What are the Punic wars?

A

Series of wars between Carthage and Greece

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36
Q

What were the consequences of the Punic wars?

A

Rome took over Greece and Carthage

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37
Q

What are characteristic and impact of Romes’s art and culture?

A

Art was shallow

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38
Q

Who was Spartacus?

A

A slave who tried to get freedom, started a slave uprising

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39
Q

How does the Roman republic expand into an empire?

A

They have a very strong military and keep defeating people and gaining their land

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40
Q

What brought about the fall of Rome?

A

Financial stuggles, eastern empire was wealthier, too big and didn’t have enough troops

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41
Q

Social classes in Rome

A
Patricians- upper class
Plebeians- lower class
42
Q

Who replaced the power structure after the fall of Rome?

A

The church

43
Q

Who was Julius Caesar?

A

Leader of Rome, formed an alliance with Pompey, Caesar defeats Pompey and takes over Rome, reduced number of slaves, the republic died with him

44
Q

What were signs of strength and decay in the Roman Empire?

A

Strength- gained a lot of power and had a lot of control

Decay- had too much power and fell

45
Q

Why was Europe unstable before the plague?

A

They were getting invaded a lot and had no sense of authority

46
Q

Where did the plague come from and where was is first introduced in Europe?

A

Spread through trade routes

47
Q

Where would a serf live and what was their life like?

A

They are set far below everyone else and do all of the work

Live in small huts

48
Q

What was the main focus during life in the Middle Ages?

A

Food and shelter

49
Q

How was art reflective of the worldview of the Middle Ages?

A

The artwork was poor as well as the living conditions and the view of man

50
Q

Main features of gothic architecture

A
  • Tall buildings, thin walls, more windows

- Flying buttress for support, arches for vaulted ceilings, stained glass, sculptures of biblical stories

51
Q

What did cathedrals of the Middle Ages communicate?

A
  • God is big, we are small
  • the city of God has come down to life
  • wanted to make the bible available for the illiterate
52
Q

How and why does the church in he Middle Ages become powerful?

A

People were so focused on the city of God

53
Q

In what ways does the church begin to become too powerful?

A

They begin to have political power, the pope is more powerful than the King

54
Q

How was the plague transmitted?

A

Carried by rodents, transmitted through trade routes

55
Q

What effect did the plague have on Europe?

A
  • Lowered population

- laborers received higher wage

56
Q

What were ways that people responded to the Black Plague?

A
  • a lot of people left their town
  • they had parties
  • distrust of church
  • The Danse Macabre
57
Q

Describe artwork from the Middle Ages

A
  • Faces aren’t realistic
  • proportions aren’t realistic
  • heavenly figures are big
58
Q

What is the Middle Ages view of man?

A
  • low

- they had a low quality of life

59
Q

What does Renaissance mean?

A

Rebirth

60
Q

Where did the Renaissance begin and what prompted it?

A
  • Florence

- wealthy families begin to spend their money on art

61
Q

What conditions contributed to the start of the Renaissance?

A
  • the plague
  • church’s power
  • low quality of life
62
Q

What was the Renaissance a rebirth of?

A
  • Greco-roman ideas

- learning and education

63
Q

Ad fontes

A

Go to the source, see for yourself

64
Q

Individualism

A

Every human is different and unique, we all have value

65
Q

Humanism

A

People improving their world, potential and worth

66
Q

Rationalism

A

Trying to figure out the work around us, reasoning and logic

67
Q

Materialism

A

You are what you have, status based on what you have

68
Q

Where did people from the renaissance draw their inspiration for their art?

A

From what they saw

69
Q

How did math change the way man viewed himself?

A

Math allowed portraits to look more realistic so people viewed themselves highly

70
Q

Linear perspective

A

Conveys depth by reducing the size of objects as the regress into space to a vanishing point

71
Q

Atmospheric perspective

A

Creates depth by blurring lines and details of objects or figures as the image regresses into the distance

72
Q

Golden ratio

A

Conveys realistic proportions and festered using the ratio 1/1.618

73
Q

How does Renaissance art differ from Middle Ages art?

A

Renaissance art is more realistic and the people are depicted higher

74
Q

School of Athens by Raphael

A
  • in the Vatican City
  • contains Greek philosophers
  • shows the Greeks were powerful
75
Q

The Sistine chapel by Michelangelo

A

-scenes from the book of Genesis: creation, fall, redemption

76
Q

Why was the book of the courtier written?

A

To set ideals and expectations

77
Q

What does the ideal courtier look like?

A

Hunts, wrestles, swims, has good manners, plays tennis

Sprezzatura- nonchalant, effortless

78
Q

What are Machiavelli’s characteristics of am ideal leader?

A
  • A leader should be merciful
  • fear motivates
  • a leader must keep control
79
Q

The praise of folly: what were his critiques of the Catholic Church?

A
  • manipulating people through relics
  • pope had too much power
  • greedy officials
  • the church couldn’t do anything wrong
80
Q

The David by Michelangelo

A
  • Hands are bigger than forearm
  • looks natural
  • shows humans are strong
  • Christian figure depicted by the Greco-roman ideas
81
Q

What view of beauty came out of the renaissance?

A

Strong, powerful, God like, unrealistic, perfection

82
Q

What view of love came out of the renaissance?

A

Wished for something more, expectation, deserve more

83
Q

What is scholasticism?

A

The attempt to harmonize Aristotle’s discoveries with scripture

84
Q

What was the geocentric theory and who supported it?

A
  • the earth is in the center of the universe

- supported by Aristotle and the church

85
Q

Why was Pope Leo X significant?

A

He was the pope during Luther

86
Q

What was the heliocentric theory and who supported it?

A

-the sun is the center of the universe
-supported by Copernicus, Sir Frances Bacon,
Newton, and Galileo

87
Q

Why does the solar system become a source of tension between the church and sholastics?

A

Because the church says they are infallible but scholars start proving them wrong

88
Q

Copernicus

A
  • studied the works of Greek philosophers

- discovered everything revolves around the sun

89
Q

Bacon

A
  • used observation

- believed science and faith work together

90
Q

Galileo

A
  • had proof the sun is I’m the center of the universe
  • was put on trial for going against the church
  • recanted his findings
91
Q

Were science and Christianity compatible for these early scientists?

A

No, the church said they were right and wouldn’t listen to anything anyone else had to say

92
Q

Why did the Catholic Church react so strongly against the finding of Galileo?

A

Because they wanted to be right and keep their power

93
Q

Why did Galileo recant his findings?

A

Because he knew the church or anyone else would ever listen

94
Q

Who were the renaissance 6?

A

A series of 6 really corrupt popes

95
Q

What were ideals that emerged during the renaissance?

A
  • Ideal man: capable of a lot
  • ideal love: wished for something more, expectations
  • ideal beauty: strong, powerful, perfection
  • ideal ruler: self obsessed, greedy, cowards
  • ideal religion: motivates
96
Q

Who is John Tetzel?

A

Indulgence salesman

97
Q

Who is Luther? What is his goal?

A
  • friar and later a priest I’m the Catholic Church

- his goal was to fix the church’s corruption and unite everyone

98
Q

What did people believe indulgences could do?

A

Pay for their forgiveness and salvation

99
Q

What are the 5 solas of the reformation?

A
  • Sola Scriptura: by scripture alone
  • Sola Fide: by faith alone
  • Sola Gratia: by grace alone
  • Solus Christus: by Christ alone
  • Soli Deo Gloria: glory to God alone
100
Q

What is the difference between rational and irrational thought?

A

Rational is based on reason or logic

Irrational is not governed by or according to reason

101
Q

What questions do philosophers begin to ask and answer during the enlightenment?

A
  • what can we be sure is true
  • who’s truth can we trust
  • how can you logically justify truth
102
Q

What is feudalism? What value was it based upon?

A

King⬇️ provides land

Swears loyalty and provides money⬆️ Lords/vassals ⬇️ provides land

Swears loyalty and provides military⬆️ Soldiers/knights ⬇️ provides land and protection

swears loyalty and provides food ⬆️ Peasants/serfs