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Semester 2 Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Federalists

A

Those who supported the Constitution as originally written and were in favor of a powerful federal government.

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2
Q

Jefferson & the Democratic Republicans’ beliefs

A
  • The future lies in agriculture
  • Democracy… ”common man”
  • States’ rights
  • Pro french revolution (1789)
  • Strict interpretation of the constitution: can’t have a national bank bc the constitution doesn’t authorize it
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3
Q

Hamilton & the Federalists’ beliefs

A
  • Future in industry, manufacturing, and finance
  • The government should be in the hands of the “capable”
  • Strong national gov
  • Anti-French Revolution: too radical, plus Hamilton was more pro-British
  • Loose interpretation of the Constitution; the necessary and proper clause
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4
Q

When and why was Jefferson’s Democratic-Republican Party founded?

A
  • around 1792
  • Primarily by Thomas Jefferson and his allies, as a response to the Federalist Party’s push for a strong central government.
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5
Q

What did Jefferson’s Democratic-Republican Party advocate for?

A

states’ rights and a decentralized government

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6
Q

What group of people primarily supported Jefferson’s Democratic-Republican Party?

A

agrarian communities, particularly in the South, while facing resistance in the Northeast.

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7
Q

What candidates ran for president in 1800?

A
  • John Adams (not popular)
  • Thomas Jefferson
  • Aaron Burr
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8
Q

Due to good campaigning by the Democratic Republicans against Adams, which two candidates ended up in tie?

A
  • Thomas Jefferson
  • Aaron Burr
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9
Q

How was the winner of the tie for the election of 1800 chosen?

A
  • Under the constitution, it would be under the House of Representatives to decide the outcome
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10
Q

Who did the House of Reps. choose to be the president in 1800?

A

Thomas Jefferson

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11
Q

What amendment was added after the election of 1800? What did it do?

A
  • 12th Amendment
  • Called for seperate president and vice president elections
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12
Q

Why was the election of 1800 known as the Revolution of 1800?

A

It was a shift in political powers, Democratic Republicans took over. They created many changes in voting standards- they took away property requirements, which made it harder for poor white men to vote (still no voting for African Americans and women).

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13
Q

Judiciary Act

A

This case established the right of judicial review

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14
Q

Missouri Compromise

A

Henry Clay suggests that MO should enter as a slave state, and Maine as a free state to maintain balance. Slavery would be forbidden north of MO. The states below MO’s southern border would be slave states. This would extend all the way through the LA territory.
- In 1819, MO applied for statehood as a slave state
- Prior to this, northerners’ moving west simply made new territories free of slavery. The South brought slaves west with them
- Moral & political dilemma (there were originally 11 free states and 11 slave states, the sectional balance would shift in favor of the South bc they would gain 2 senators)
- In response to this, the MO compromise is created

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15
Q

The Monroe Doctrine - Monroe gives a speech in Dec. 1823 and says …

A
  • No more colonization in the Western Hemisphere by Europe
  • Any interference would be interpreted as a threat to US security
  • We will stay out of European affairs
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16
Q

Indian Removal Act

A

In 1830, Congress voted funds to enable Jackson to negotiate treaties for removal of all Indian tribes then living east of the Mississippi River.

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17
Q

Why was the Indian Removal Act hard for Native Americans?

A
  • They had to leave their homes and it was hard for them to stay happy and positive
  • Their land was confiscated and burned
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18
Q

How did Jackson justify the Indian Removal Act?

A

By stating that Native Americans should be moved because it would allow the government to grow in power, and enable states and their citizens to increase in wealth and power. Additionally, it would separate the Indians from whites and allow the Natives to act however they please and embrace their culture.
- Jackson made it seem like it was a good decision, and it was very successful and positive for everyone.

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19
Q

Differences between the North and the South at this time

A

The North embraced industrialization and urbanization, while the South remained largely agrarian and relied heavily on slave labor. These differences, particularly regarding slavery and its expansion, fueled growing tensions and ultimately led to the Civil War.

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20
Q

Territories gained through the Treaty of Guadalupe

A

CA, NV, NM, UT, AZ, CO, WY, TX

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21
Q

Manifest Destiny

A

The 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.

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22
Q

Why did Americans start to buy land in Mexico?

A

They could gain more land in Mexico, as opposed to America, for cheaper amounts of money

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23
Q

What were some rules Mexico had that Americans were expected to follow if they had land purchased there?

A
  • no slaves
  • become Catholic
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24
Q

Many settlers in MX did not follow there rules. What did this lead to?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • fighting between Texas-American settlers and the gov. of Mexico
  • Battle each other at the Alamo and end up making Texas independent
  • Mexico never really acknowledges Texas’s independence
  • In 1845, Texas became a state in the US- Mexico is very angry
    Led to the Mexican-American War
25
Popular sovereignty
The principle that the legitimacy of a government's authority comes from the consent of the people it governs. It essentially means the people hold the ultimate power and the government's power is not legitimate unless it reflects the will of the people. This concept is a cornerstone of democratic governance, where the people have a say in shaping the structure, laws, and policies of their government. Popular sovereignty was also debated in the context of slavery in the territories, with some arguing that residents of a territory should decide whether or not to permit slavery, rather than Congress.
26
Draft inequity
Wealthy men were able to avoid military service by hiring substitutes or by paying a fee.
27
Radical Republicans
A faction within the Republican Party during the Reconstruction era in the United States (1865-1877).
28
What did Radical Republicans advocate for?
Advocated for a more stringent approach to Reconstruction, aiming to ensure the full civil and political rights of African Americans in the South. Led by figures like Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens, they pushed for legislation to protect these rights, including the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments.
29
Jim Crow Laws
*State and local laws that enforced segregation and disenfranchisement of African Americans.* - Laws that existed from the 1880s-1960s - Practiced from Delaware to California, and from North Dakota to Texas.
30
Carpetbaggers
A person from the northern states who went to the South after the Civil War to profit from Reconstruction. Carpetbaggers were generally viewed negatively by many southerners during Reconstruction, a period following the Civil War when the federal government oversaw the rebuilding and reintegration of the Southern states into the Union. They were seen as opportunists who exploited the South for personal gain and political advantage.
31
What was the 13th Amendment?
- Ratified in 1865 - Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude except as punishment for a crime
32
Southern Response to the 13th Amendment
- Did not accept that African Americans were free, therefore made them sharecroppers which replaced slavery - Enacted black codes to limit the rights of formerly enslaved people
33
What was the 14th Amendment?
- Ratified in 1868 - Primarily granted citizenship to everyone born or naturalized in the US, including the formerly enslaved
34
Southern Response to the 14th Amendment
Southern states overwhelmingly rejected the Fourteenth Amendment, seeing it as a punishment for the Civil War and an infringement on their rights. They refused to ratify it, leading to military occupation and, eventually, forced ratification as a condition of rejoining the Union. The amendment's provisions regarding citizenship, equal protection, and the disqualification of former Confederate officials were particularly objectionable.
35
What was the 15th Amendment?
- Ratified in 1870 - Granted the right for all citizens to vote regardless of their race or status.
36
Southern response to the 15th Amendment
Implemented various discriminatory tactics to disenfranchise Black voters. These included poll taxes, literacy tests, all-white primaries, grandfather clauses, and intimidation. Southern states also used these tactics to maintain white supremacy and limit Black participation in the political process. - KKK threatened black people into not voting
37
Gilded Age
- Period between the Civil War and 20th century - Known as the Gilded Age because America had started to shift into becoming an industrial society instead of an agricultural society. This period was an Industrial Revolution, where new ways of living were being introduced. However, there were also bad things happening in America during this time. This is why it was known as the Gilded Age. If something is gilded, it is covered in pretty plating, but underneath it is an ugly medal. Reference to what the US was like during this time.
38
Robber Barons
The name given to industrialists who amassed large fortunes by business practices. - Some were legit, some were not legit: paying employees small salaries, driving competitors out of business, monopolizing certain industries to control the market, prices, and bribes. - Examples of these men: Andrew carnegie( steel), John D Rokefeller (standard oil co) - Many of these men donated vast amounts of money to charities, education, museums, etc.
39
Social Darwinism
application of Darwin’s theory of evolution to society- some people will succeed, some won’t naturally (gov shouldn't intervene)
40
Plessy vs. Ferguson
questioned if separate but equal accommodations for Black and White Americans violated the 14th Amendment. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of separate but equal facilities, legitimizing Jim Crow laws for nearly 60 years.
41
Between 1870 and 1920 about how Europeans arrived in the US?
20 million
42
Before 1890, where were most immigrants coming from?
western & northern Europe
43
After 1890, where were most immigrants coming from?
eastern & southern Europe
44
What were most immigrants looking for when coming to the US?
- Jobs - Land - Escape from anti-semitism (Jewish immigrants)
45
About 300,000 Chinese immigrants came to the US between 1851 and 1883. Why?
- Gold rush - Railroad construction work
46
What places became major processing places for immigrants?
Ellis Island, NYC, and Angel Island in San Francisco - Performed Health checks, criminal background checks, checks if they could support themselves, and if they were fit to work
47
Nativism
anti-immigrant sentiment, preferential treatment to native born people
48
Why was the US not actually a melting pot?
- Violence between ethnic groups was common, particularly Irish against Chinese railroad workers in the West - Preferential treatment to native born people - Anti-Catholic feeling bc most of the country was protestant - Chinese Exclusion Act passed in 1882: effectively stopped all Chinese immigration to the US (some even wanted to remove the citizenship of Chinese Americans)
49
Sharecropping
a farming system where landowners rent land to tenant farmers in exchange for a portion of the crop, rather than cash. It emerged after the Civil War in the South as a way for landowners to continue using a labor force and for formerly enslaved people to have a means of earning a living.
50
Railroad development
- This growth significantly altered the landscape of American society, leading to increased westward migration, resource exploitation, and the rise of new industries - The completion of the first transcontinental railroad in 1869, followed by the construction of several others, revolutionized travel and trade across the continent. - The railroad industry spurred economic growth, as it facilitated the transport of raw materials, manufactured goods, and people across the nation.
51
What was life like for a sharecropper?
- basically another form of slavery - Lived in horrible conditions and worked long, excruciating hours, and barely got anything for it - Sharecroppers often became trapped in a cycle of debt, as they had to rely on landowners for supplies and credit. That is how they kept their workers
52
Impact of railroads
Railroads had a profound impact on settlement patterns, leading to the development of new towns and cities along rail lines, as well as the migration of settlers westward.
53
What happened in December 1860 while Lincoln was president?
Southern states are convinced he will abolish slavery, South Carolina seceded from Union - MI, FL, AL, GA, LO, and TX follow - These states formed the Confederate States of America & started to kick federal troops & employees out of government buildings in their states
54
What happened in 1861 at Fort Sumter while Lincoln was president?
- Confederate troops fire on Fort Sumter, SC, which causes the Union troops inside to surrender - this is the beginning of the Civil War
55
What did Lincoln do during the Civil War?
- Appoints General George McClellan to lead the Union Army - Initially, Lincoln maintained that the war was about the Union, not slavery; in 1862, he shifted position and advocated for gradual emancipation with resettlement of former slaves - January 1863: Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation
56
What year did Lincoln run for a second term as president?
1864 - NOT popular, but what saves his election is Sherman's capture of Atlanta in September - Lincoln is re-elected, receiving 55% of the popular vote (elects Andrew Johnson as VP)
57
When was Lincoln first elected as president?
November 1860 - elected with 40% of the popular vote
58
Why did the Radical Republicans oppose Lincoln?
Think he did not do enough to end slavery & was too soft on the south
59
What happened in 1865 in regards to the Civil War & Lincoln?
By 1865, support for the war was dwindling, especially in the South April 9th, 1865: Lee surrenders to Grant (Union victory) April 14th 1865: Lincoln attends “Our American Cousin” at Ford’s Theater in DC and is shot in the head by John Wilkes Booth

US History (6 decks)

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