Semester 2 final review Flashcards
(266 cards)
1
Q
Final:
If the patient is admitted to the ER for serve chest and the doctor orders a supine chest, what can the technologist do to decrease magnification?
A
increase the SID
2
Q
What is Ascites?
A
accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity (fluid in abdomen)
3
Q
Final:
What is the Kvp range for abdomen?
A
70-80 kvp
4
Q
Final:
If we are looking for air in the intraabdominal area we are doing this erect to see if the air passes through the:
A
diaphragm
5
Q
Final:
Where is xiphoid tip located?
A
T9-T10
6
Q
Final:
Where is the greater trochanter located?
A
at the same level as the pubis symphysis
7
Q
Final:
Where is the pubis symphysis located at?
A
same level as the greater trochanter
8
Q
Final:
Where is the lower costal margin located at?
A
L2-L3
9
Q
Final:
Where is the mid thorax located at?
A
T7
10
Q
Final:
Where is the iliac crest located at?
A
L4-L5
11
Q
Final:
Where is the sternal angle located at?
A
T4-T5
12
Q
Final:
Where is the jugular notch located at?
A
T2-T3
13
Q
Final:
Where is the thyroid cartilage located at?
A
C5
14
Q
Final:
Where is the ASIS located at?
A
S1-S2
15
Q
Final:
What views best display fluid/air levels?
A
decubitus & erect
16
Q
Final:
What is the parietal peritoneal?
A
outer portion of the peritoneal cavity
(covers the abdominal cavity)
17
Q
Final:
What is the visceral peritoneal?
A
inner portion of the peritoneal cavity
(covers the organ)
18
Q
Final:
What makes up 3/5 of the small bowel?
A
ileum (with an E)
(last “distal” 3/5 of small bowel)
19
Q
Final:
What makes up 2/5 of the small bowel?
A
jejunum
(first 2/5 of the small bowel)
20
Q
Final:
What is in the LUQ?
A
spleen
stomach
left colic (splenic) flexure
tail of pancreas
left kidney
left suprarenal gland
21
Q
Final:
What is in the RUQ?
A
liver
gallbladder
right colic flexure
duodenum (c-loop)
head of pancreas
right kidney
right suprarenal gland
22
Q
Final:
What is in the LLQ?
A
descending colon
sigmoid colon
2/3 of jejunum
23
Q
Final:
What is in the RLQ?
A
ascending colon
appendix
cecum
2/3 of ileum
ileocecal valve
24
Q
Final:
What are the nine abdominal regions?
A
- right hypogastric
- epigastric
- left hypogastric
- right lateral (lumbar)
- umbilical
- left lateral (lumbar)
- right inguinal (iliac)
- pubic
- left inguinal (iliac)
25
Final:
What is peristalsis?
involuntary muscles that help move food through the intestines
26
Final:
What is the difference between duodenal valve & the duodenal bulb?
duodenal bulb is the proximal portion of duodenum
(end of the stomach)
27
Final:
What is the pyloric sphincter?
valve separating the stomach from the duodenum
28
Final:
What is CR for erect abdomen?
2 inches above iliac crest
29
Final:
What is the CR for decubitus abdomen?
2 " above iliac crest
(let position sit roughly 5 mins, so fluids move)
30
Final:
What is CR for supine abdomen?
at iliac crest
31
Final:
What is the normal order for abdomen series?
AP supine abdomen
Erect/Decub abdomen
PA chest
32
Final:
If we want to minimize motion we would:
shorten the exposure time
33
Final:
Long scale is:
We use long scale on?
low contrast (more greys)
abdomen x-rays
34
Final:
Short scale is:
What would we use short scale on?
high contrast (black& white's)
extremities
35
Final:
How much do we oblique for a mortise ankle?
why do we do this?
15-20
to create some space in the ankle joint
places medial/lateral malleolus on same plane
36
Final:
How much do we oblique for a normal ankle projection?
why do we do this?
45 internal (medial) oblique
37
Final:
What are the tarsal bones?
Talus
Calcaneus
navicular (distal to talus)
Cuboid (distal to calcaneus)
medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms
38
Final:
What is medial to the cuboid bone?
navicular
lateral cuneiform
39
Final:
What is proximal to the navicular?
talus
40
Final:
What is superior to the calcaneus?
Talus
41
Final:
What view shows the medial cuneiform free of superimposition?
30-40 degree lateral oblique of foot
42
Final:
What view shows the sinus tarsi?
30-40 degree medial oblique of foot
42
Final:
What foot view shows the cuboid free of superimposition?
Medial oblique (30-40 degree oblique)
43
Final:
Where is the plantar surface of the foot?
posterior part of the foot (sole)
"stepped on a plant"
44
Final:
Where is the dorsum surface of the foot?
anterior portion of the foot
45
Final:
What is dorsiflexion?
foot flexed upwards (anteriorly)
46
Final:
What is plantarflexion?
foot flexed downward (posteriorly)
47
Final:
What is a mediolateral projection?
from midline (medial) to outer portion of the body (lateral)
48
Final:
what is lateromedial projection?
projection shooting from outer (lateral side) to inner (medial side)
49
Final:
What are the views for calcaneus?
Lateral Calcaneus &
plantodorsal Axial calcaneus (40 cephalic towards the long axis of the foot)
50
Final:
if there is suspected pneumothorax in the right lung what position/view would the patient be place in?
left lateral decubitus
(air side up)
(mark side up)
51
Final:
if there is suspected hemothorax in the right lung what position/view would the patient be place in?
right lateral decubitus
(fluid side down)
mark side up
52
Final:
if there is suspected pneumothorax in the left lung what position/view would the patient be place in?
right lateral decubitus
(air side up)
Mark side up
53
Final:
if there is suspected hemothorax in the left lung what position/view would the patient be place in?
left lateral decubitus
(fluid side down)
mark side up
54
Final:
What is the hypostenic?
not wide lungs, but long in vertical dimensions but narrow
(35% of population)
55
Final:
What is sthenic?
average build
(50% of population)
56
Final:
What is hyperstenic?
wide lungs, shallow in vertical dimensions
(5% of population)
57
Final:
The CR must always be in the center of the ____ _____
image receptor
58
Final:
For chest x-rays we expose on the ______ _______
second inspiration
59
Final:
What is the mediastinum?
middle portion of the thoracic cavity
thymus gland
heart and great vessels
trachea
esophagus
60
Final:
What is the hilum?
central area where all bronchi, blood vessels, and lymph nodes and nerves leave the lungs
"Party at the hilum"
61
Final:
The CR should be perpendicular to the
IR
(CR should be in the center of the IR)
62
Final:
Where does the trachea bifurcate?
carina
at T5
63
Final:
What does the trachea bifurcate into?
left & right bronchi at carina (T5)
64
Final:
Which lung has three lobes?
Which bronchi is shorter and more susceptible to food blockages from aspiration?
right has 3 lobes, left 2 lobes
right is more susceptible to food blockages due its short and wide physique
65
Final:
What view shows the possible calcification underneath the clavicles?
lordotic or
Axial clavicles
66
Final:
Why would we want to see under the clavicles?
possible calcification underneath
or tumor growth
(achievable via lordotic or axial clavicle)
67
Final:
What is the name for shortness of breath?
dyspnea
68
Final:
What is the CR for chest?
PA?
AP?
T7
PA: 7-8 inches from vertebral prominens
AP: 3-4 inches below jugular notch
69
Final:
What can be found in the mediastinum?
thymus gland
heart and great blood vessels
trachea
esophagus
70
Final:
What is density and contrast controlled by?
contrast is controlled by kV
density is controlled by mAs
71
Final:
What does the femur articulate with proximally & distally?
proximally: Acetabulum
distally: tibia and patella
72
Final:
Where is the abductor tubercle located at?
posterior femur above the medial epicondyles
73
Final:
When do you see the olecranon process?
Lateral (elbow)
74
Final:
What is the positioning for Coyle for the radial head?
90-degree flexion of arm
45-degree angle toward the head
arm in lateral w/ hand pronation
75
Final:
What is the positioning for Coyle view for the coronoid process?
80-degree flexion of arm
45 degrees away from the head
elbow in lateral w/ hand pronation
76
Final:
What views replace the internal and external obliques?
Coyle view
77
Final:
What are the forearm views?
AP & Lat
78
Final:
What are the carpal bones?
Which are proximal and distal?
Proximal:
Scaphoid
lunate
triquetrum
pisiform
Distal:
trapezium
trapezoid
capitate
hamate
79
Final:
Sims position:
recumbent oblique lying on left anterior, right knee flexed with left arm behind back
"simp position"
80
Final:
Fowlers position:
head above the feet
recumbent
(howlers position)
81
Final:
Trendelenburg position:
feet above the head
recumbent
82
Final:
LAO position:
left anterior oblique
(PA projection)
83
Final:
RAO position:
right anterior oblique
(PA projection)
84
Final:
LPO position:
left posterior oblique
(AP projection)
85
Final:
RPO position:
right posterior oblique
(AP projection)
86
Final:
Inversion:
AKA?
Inward turning/bending of the ankle
aka Varus
87
Final:
Eversion:
AKA?
outward turning/bending of ankle
aka valgus
88
Final:
what is Osgood Slatter?
inflammation of bone/cartilage of anterior proximal tibia (tibial tuberosity)
most common in boys 10-15
89
Final:
What is gout?
form of arthritis
excessive quantities of blood in the joint
most common in the first MTP joint
90
Final:
What is Pott's fx?
fx of tib/fib and injury to the ankle joint
91
Final:
What is mobile radiography?
portable x-rays
92
Final:
What are the portions of the acetabulum?
anterior: pubis
Superior: ilium
Posterior: ischium
93
Final:
What is the positioning for the Judet views?
Supine
45 degree LPO/RPO
2 inches medial + 2 inches inferior to upside ASIS
94
Final:
What does the upside Judet view show?
what position places the patient in upside?
Posterior rim of acetabulum & anterior iliopubic column
LPO looking at right acetabulum
RPO looking a left acetabulum
95
Final:
What does the downside Judet view show?
What position places the patient in a downside Judet position?
Anterior rim of acetabulum & posterior ilioschial column
LPO looking at left acetabulum
RPO looking at right acetabulum
96
Final:
What is the sagittal plane?
What is the midsagittal plane?
left and right body parts
mid-sagittal creates even right and left parts
97
Final:
What is the coronal plane?
What is the mid-coronal plane?
anterior and posterior planes
mid coronal is equal A & P parts
98
Final:
What is the transverse plane?
superior and inferior parts
99
Final:
What is the axiolateral inferosuperior projection?
What is another name for this?
What is parallel to the IR in this position?
cross table hip
Danielus-Miller
femoral neck *
(Tube face?)
100
Final:
What does Camp Coventry, Holmblad, and Beclere all show?
What is the pneumonic to remember this?
Intercondylar fossa (tunnel/PA flex)
To BECLERE (be clear) I should take the TUNNEL to CAMP COVENTRY and eat HOLMBLAD (some bland) food.
101
Final:
What does merchant, Settegast, and Hughston all show?
What is the pneumonic to remember this?
patellofemoral joint (sunrise)
The MERCHANT HUGHSTON likes to see the SUNRISE in SETTEGAST.
102
Final:
What does Merchant show?
What does the position look like?
intercondylar sulcus (sunrise)
patient supine with knees flexed 40 degrees over table
Angle 30 caudad (to femur)
(Closest thing to Mayo's sunrise view)
103
Final:
104
Final:
What does the Beclere method show?
What is the positioning?
Tunnel (intercondylar fossa)
Supine (IR under knee)
Knee flexed 40-45 degrees
Angle 40-45 cephalic
CR 1/2 inch distal to patella apex
105
Final:
What does Settegast show?
What does the positioning look like?
intercondylar sulcus (sunrise)
Prone or sitting
90 degree flexion of knee
CR 15 20 cephalic into patellofemoral space
106
Final:
What does Camp Coventry show?
What does the positioning look like?
Tunnel (intercondylar fossa)
Prone
Knee flexed 40-50 degrees
Angle 40-50 degrees caudad to match IR
CR mid knee joint
107
Final:
What does Hughston show?
What does the positioning look like?
intercondylar sulcus (sunrise view)
patient prone
50-60 degree flexion of the knee
IR underneath knee
angle 45 cephalic to patellofemoral joint
108
Final:
What view do we use for carpal tunnel?
What do we see?
What is the positioning?
Gaynor hart view
Hook of the hamate (hamulus)
25-30 degrees tangential 1 inch distal to 3rd MTP
109
Final:
What are the wrist views?
PA
oblique
lateral
Scaphoid (15 degrees cephalic "into shoulder" + ulnar deviation)
110
Final:
What view/rotation shows the scaphoid free of superimposition?
ulnar deviation (scaphoid view)
111
Final:
What is the DIP joint in the hand?
distal interphalangeal joints
hinge or ginglymus
112
Final:
What are the PIP joints in the hand?
proximal interphalangeal joints
hinge or ginglymus
113
Final:
What are the views for hand?
PA
Oblique
Fan lateral
114
Final review:
How many degrees are the medial and lateral condyles of the femur are separated from each other?
Which condyle extends more distally?
5-7 degrees
medial extends more distally than lateral
(why we angle for knees)
115
Final review:
What does the femur articulate with distally?
proximally?
Tibia & patella
Acetabulum
116
Final:
Why do the IP joints have to be parallel to the image receptor?
we want to see the joint spaces
117
Final:
What view shows the lateral displacement?
AP projection
118
Final:
What is the view that shows an anterior/posterior displacement?
Lateral projection
119
Final:
What is the name of the AP thumb position?
What kind of joint is the first CMC?
Roberts view (15 degrees into the CMC joint
saddle or sellar
120
Final review:
What is Lordosis?
What is Scoliosis?
What is Kyphosis?
what is concave?
what is convex?
increased concavity (lumbar)
exaggerated lateral curvature of the spine
increased (exaggerated) convexity
rounded inward
rounded outward
121
Final review:
Cervical is what type of curve?
Thoracic is what type of curve?
lumbar is what type of curve?
sacrum (sacral) is what type of curve?
first compensatory curve (concave)
first primary curve (convex)
second compensatory curve (concave)
second primary curve (convex)
122
Final:
What is spondlythesis?
forward slippage of the vertebrae
123
Final:
What is the CR for AP lumbar?
iliac crest
124
Final:
What is the ear of the scottie dog?
Nose?
Eye?
Neck?
Feet?
body?
Tail?
E: superior articular process
N: Transverse process
Eye: Pedicle
Neck: Pars interarticularis
F: Inferior articular process
B: Lamine
Tail: Spinous process
125
Final:
When performing obliques if the pedicle appears to be too anterior what is the cause?
How do we fix it?
under rotated (too AP/anterior)
oblique the patient more
126
Final:
When performing obliques if the pedicle appears to be too posterior what is the cause?
How do we fix it?
over rotated (too lateral)
oblique less
127
Final:
What does the cervical oblique show?
How much oblique?
Foramina
45-degree oblique
128
Final:
What does thoracic oblique show?
How much oblique?
Zygapophyseal joints
70-75 oblique
129
Final:
What does lateral cervical show?
zygapophyseal joint
130
Final:
what does lateral thoracic show?
foramina
131
Final:
LPO and RPO positioning show which cervical foramina? What's the angle?
LAO and RAO show which foramina? What's the angle?
upside
15 cephalic (AP projection)
LPO shows right foramina
RPO shows left foramina
downside
15 caudad (PA projection)
LAO shows left foramina
RAO shows right foramina
132
Final:
LPO and RPO positioning show which thoracic zygapophyseal joints?
What about RAO & LAO?
upside
LPO shows right
RPO shows left
LAO shows left
RAO shows right
(AO downside) (PO upside)
133
Final:
What is the CR & angle for oblique SI joints?
25-30 degree posterior oblique
CR 1 inch medial to upside ASIS
134
Final:
What is the CR for AP axial SI joints?
2 inches inferior to ASIS or 2 inches above pubis (inbetween)
30 cephalic for men
35 for women
135
Final:
what does lumbar oblique show?
How much oblique?
zygapophyseal joint
45 degree oblique
136
Final:
What does lateral lumbar show?
Foramina
137
Final:
What rotation best shows the greater trochanter in profile?
Internal rotation
138
Final:
What part of the rib attaches to the vertebrae?
head of the rib
139
Final:
what part of the rib attaches to the transverse process?
tubercle of the rib
140
Final:
What view best shows the lesser trochanters in profile?
external rotation
141
Final:
When are the views for the SC joints?
PA + LAO/RAO oblique
142
Final:
When in a RAO position, what SC joint is best displayed?
right SC joint (downside)
143
Final:
Posterior rib pain is what projection?
What side is in interest?
AP
Downside (side that’s down)
144
Final:
When in LAO position, what SC joint is best displayed?
left SC joint (downside)
145
Final:
Anterior rib pain is what projection?
What side is in interest?
PA
Upside
146
Final:
Patient walks in the ER with anterior left upper rib pain what oblique would we use?
What is the projection?
RAO
PA projection
147
Final:
Patient walks in the ER with right anterior rib pain what oblique would we use?
What is the projection?
What is the side of interest?
LAO
PA
Upside ribs
148
Final:
Patient walks in the ER with left lower posterior rib pain, what oblique best shows this?
What is the projection?
LPO
AP projection
149
Final:
Patient walks in the ER with right lower posterior rib pain, what oblique best shows this?
What is the projection?
RPO
AP projection
150
Final:
RAO best shows what rib axillary?
left axillary
151
Final:
LPO shows what rib axillary?
left axillary
152
Final:
RPO best shows what rib axillary?
right axillary
153
Final:
LAO best shows what rib axillary?
right axillary
154
Final:
If patient is in a RPO position, what rib pain are they experiencing?
right posterior pain
(AP = side down)
155
Final:
If patient is in a LPO position what rib pain are they experiencing?
Left posterior pain
(AP = side down)
156
Final:
If patient is in a LAO position, what rib pain are they experiencing?
right anterior pain
(PA = Away)
157
Final:
If patient is in a RAO position, what rib pain are they experiencing?
left anterior pain
(PA = Away)
158
Final:
What makes up the zygapophyseal joint?
inferior and superior articular processes
159
Final:
When do you see the lesser tubercle?
internal rotation
(GELI)
160
Final:
When do you see the greater tubercle?
external rotation
(GELI)
161
Final:
When do you see the first two cervical vertebrae in an AP projection?
AP open mouth
162
Final:
What is C1 called?
What is C2 called?
C1: Atlas
C2: Axis
163
Final:
What view shows the zygapophyseal joints 2-7?
lateral cervical
164
Final:
Where is the foramen magnum?
The circular opening where the dens is located
165
Final:
When do you use the fuch's method for cervical?
to well visualize the dens and odontoid process
166
Final:
What does the superior articular facets of the atlas articulate with?
occipital condyles of the occipital bone of the skull *
167
Final:
(t/f)
we use sandbag for a lateral cervical spine to bring the shoulders down.
When would we not use them?
true
in cases of trauma
168
Final:
What is the Cervical Fuchs?
AP view for Dens (odontoid process)
CR parallel to MML (mentomeatal line)
169
Final:
What is the cervical Judd view?
PA view for the Dens (odontoid process)
CR parallel to the MML (mentomeatal line)
170
Final:
What line do we use to line up the incisors to the right level?
MML
(mentomeatal line)
171
Final:
What is parallel to the image receptor in the Danielus-Miller? My
femoral neck *
(Tube face)
172
Final:
AP oblique of the cervical spine what foramen is best shown in an RPO?
left foramen
173
Final:
AP oblique of the cervical spine what foramen is best shown in an RAO?
Right foramen
15 caudad
174
Final:
AP oblique of the cervical spine what foramen is best shown in an LAO?
Left foramen
15 caudad
175
Final:
What are the views for the sternum?
What is the obliquity?
Lateral (arms drawn back) + RAO (sternum in the hearts shadow)
15-20 AO
176
Final:
What is the oblique for SC joints?
What are all the SC joint views?
10-15 AO
PA + RAO/LAO
177
Final:
What is a modified cleaves?
what is the positioning for this?
unilateral/ bilateral frog projection for hip and femur (non-trauma)
abduct femur 45 degree from vertical
178
Final:
If we want to rule out subluxation fx of the cervical spine what view is this best displayed in?
What is subluxation fc?
lateral c-spine
179
Final:
What is the CR for transthoracic humerus?
aka?
surgical neck
Lawerence method
180
Final:
What is the positions for humerus?
What are the rotations?
AP (external rotation)
Lat (internal rotation)
181
Final:
What are the views for the shoulder?
internal (internal rotation)
Grashey (external rotation) 45 LPO/RPO rotation
Y-view (Neer) 45-60 LAO/RAO 15 caudad for PA
Axillary (inferosuperior/clements)
182
Final:
If you are in an external rotation how are the elbow epicondyles to the IR?
parallel to the IR
183
Final:
If you and in an internal position how are your elbow epicondyles to the image receptor?
perpendicular to the IR
184
Final:
What is the CR for grashey?
2 inches medial from lateral border
2 inches inferior to coracoid *
185
Final:
What is the CR for internal shoulder?
1 inch inferior to coracoid *
186
Final:
What is the CR for Y view?
45-60 degree RAO/LAO projection
10-15 caudad
CR: mid scapula *
Scapula perpendicular to IR
187
Final:
What is the CR for axillary? (inferosuperior)
188
Final:
What is the difference between the medial & lateral epicondyle of the femur? (degree difference)
189
Final:
What is a palpable landmark for pelvis?
Iliac crest
ASIS
greater trochanter
189
Final:
What is the CR for outlet?
What does it show?
aka?
CR is ASIS
20-35 cephalic (men)
30-45 cephalic (women)
key is 30 cephalic (joiel)
shows the Rami and pubis
(Shows rami fx)
190
Final:
What view best displays a pelvic ring fx for a true pelvis?
inlet
191
Final:
What view would be best shown for a rami fx?
outlet
192
Final:
What is the CR for Inlet?
What does it show?
40 caudad
CR ASIS
shows pelvis ring (TOP)
193
Final:
What is best displayed in a medial oblique foot?
sinus tarsi
194
Final review:
distal proximal bones
trapezium
trapezoid
capitate
hamate
195
Final review:
Proximal Carpal bones
scaphoid
lunate
triquetrum
pisiform
196
Final review:
The capitulum is part of what bone?
distal humerus
197
Final review:
What view shows arthritis in the hand?
Ball catcher
198
Final review:
What does ICER stand for?
I + C = internal + coronoid
E + R = external + radial head
199
Final review:
What replaces AP elbow?
2 views/projections
Forearm parallel + humerus parallel
200
Final review:
What view do you see fat pads on?
what are the 3 fat pads?
lateral
anterior, posterior, and supinator fat stripe
201
Final review:
Coyle for radial head positioning:
45 degree Towards the head (shoulder)
90 degree flex of arm
202
Final review:
Wrist fx causing radius to displace posteriorly:
Colles fracture *
203
Final review:
Wrist fx causing radius to displace anteriorly:
Smiths fx *
204
Final review:
What are the 3 alternative tunnel view projections for knees?
Tunnel:
Camp Coventry
Holmblad
Beclere method
205
What are the 3 sunrise views?
Sunrise:
Inferosuperior
Hughston
Settegast
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Final review:
What are palpable landmarks on a pelvis?
1. Greater Trochanter
2. Pubis symphysis
3. Femoral Neck
4. Iliac Crest
1,2,4
Femoral neck is not one of them
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Final review:
How much do you oblique for Judet views?
What do you see on the upside of the Judet views?
What do you see on the downside Judet view?
45 degrees
LPO/ RPO
U: posterior rim of the acetabulum & anterior iliopubic column
D: anterior rim of the acetabulum & posterior ilioschial column
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