Semester 2 Science Finals Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
Sublimation
A
The change of state from a solid directly to a gas. Must gain energy.
2
Q
Transpiration
A
The process by which plants release water vapor into the air through a leaf or stem. Must gain energy.
3
Q
Evaporation
A
The change of state from a liquid to a gas that usually occurs at the surface of a liquid over a wide range of temperature.
4
Q
Condensation
A
The change of state from a gas to a liquid.
5
Q
Deposition
A
The change of state from a gas to a solid.
6
Q
Precipitation
A
Water that falls to the ground (rain, snow, hail, sleet).
7
Q
Run-off
A
Precipitation that flows over the land and into streams and rivers.
8
Q
Infiltration
A
Water seeping below Earth’s surface into space in soil and rock.
9
Q
Saturated
A
When something can’t hold anymore water.
10
Q
What drives the water cycle?
A
Sunlight and gravity.
11
Q
Changes: Gains Energy
A
Solid to liquid
Liquid to Gas
Solid to Gas
12
Q
Changes: Loses Energy
A
Gas to liquid
Liquid to Solid
Gas to Solid
13
Q
Physics
A
The study of how things move (motion) and why things move (forces)
14
Q
Force
A
A push or pull exerted on an object
15
Q
Motion
A
The state in which one object’s distance from another is changing.
16
Q
Speed
A
The rate of change of position of matter. distance over time.
17
Q
Velocity
A
Speed with direction which makes velocity a vector quality (size and direction). Not just numbers. Displacement over time.
18
Q
Acceleration
A
A change in velocity over a period of time (increase, decrease, change direction). a=Vf-Vi/t
19
Q
Distance
A
A scalar quantity that describes “how much ground” an object has covered during its motion.
20
Q
Scalar Quantities
A
Describe matter using magnitude (size) and units of measurement.
21
Q
Displacement
A
A vector quality that describes “how far away from the start” an object is during the object’s motion.
22
Q
Distance-Time
A
Shows distance. Cannot time travel or lose distance.
23
Q
Position-Time
A
Cannot time travel - can “lose” distance (displacement). Shows displacement or “position” over time. Can find velocity from PT slope.
24
Q
Velocity-Time
A
Shows the velocity over time (for each interval). Slope = acceleration.
25
Acceleration Graph
Shows the acceleration over time. Always a straight line.
26
Gravity
A force of attraction between objects due to their masses. Non contact force. Attraction force because it always pulls objects together. Gravity is weak. The farther the distance between masses - the weaker the gravitational pull.
27
What do all forces have?
Strength and direction.
28
What can forces change of an object's motion?
Speed or direction.
29
What are forces measured in? Equation for this.
Newtons. 1N=1kg x (m/s^2)
30
What do Free Body diagrams do?
1. Explain all forces acting on an object
2. Shows NET force
31
What makes a system stable?
If the forces acting on the object aren't changing the motion or state of the object. (can move at a constant rate = stable)
32
Contact Forces and Example
Only act on objects that are touching (ex. friction).
33
Non Contact Forces and Example
A force that can act at a distance. (magnets and gravity).
34
Friction
The force that opposes motion between any objects in contact.
35
What two factors affect friction?
Surface type and the amount of force between objects
36
Friction acts in a direction _______ to an object's motion
Opposite
37
What are the four types of friction?
Static, sliding, rolling, fluid.
38
Static Friction
Occurs between objects that aren't moving. Without static friction, your feet would slip out from under you, making it difficult to walk. Ice is very slippery because it has very little friction.
39
Sliding Friction
Occurs when two solid surfaces slide over each other. It makes moving objects slow down and stop. Weaker than static friction.
40
Rolling Friction
When an object rolls along a surface. Much weaker than static or sliding friction. Though wheels are great fir rolling and reducing friction, they wouldn't work without static friction.
41
Fluid Friction
When a solid object moves through a fluid. Easier to overcome than sliding friction. Air resistance is fluid friction. A fluid is a substance that can flow and take on the shape of its container (liquid or gas).
42
Newton's First Law
Unless acted on by an unbalanced force, an object at rest stays at rest and at object in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity. It's sometimes called the law of inertia. Inertia is the tendency of objects to resist any change in motion. More mass = more inertia.
43
Momentum
The product of the object's mass and the object's velocity.
44
Newton's Second Law
The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the amount of force applied. F=ma. An object's acceleration is directly proportional to the NET force acting on it. Acceleration is inversely proportional to mass.
45
Newton's Third Law
When one object applies a force to a second object, the second object applies an equal and opposite force to the first object. These are called action and reaction forces. The object you are analyzing determines which force is the action and which is the reaction. They are always the same type of force.
46
What are magnets?
Metals that are capable of generating forces of attraction and repulsion. They attract iron and metals like cobalt and nickel.
47
Magnet Field
The area around a magnet where its magnetism can affect other materials. The closer the lines of force - the stronger the magnetic field. Strongest at the poles.
48
Magnetic Forces
The push or pull exerted by magnets. Opposite charges attract. Like forces repel.
49
What are some materials magnetic?
Materials are magnetic when they have unpaired electrons in the atom. Most materials have paired electrons, making them magnetic.
50
Magnetic Domains
Materials that form magnetic domains are called ferromagnetic materials. A magnetic domain is a region composed of a group of atoms whose magnetic fields are aligned in the same direction. Some materials can have their poles realigned to become a magnet. When exposed to a magnet, iron nails' domains get realigned.
51
Atoms and Magnets
Many atoms and molecules generate very small magnetic forces. If the poles are oriented in all directions, the material will not produce a net magnetic force. Due to this, most materials are not magnetic.
52
Electric Charge
A fundamental property that leads to the electromagnetic interactions among particles that make up matter. They can be positive (+) or negative (-). Most objects are neutral, meaning they have no net charge.
53
What causes charged objects to "stick to" neutrally-charged objects?
A negatively charged object pulls positive charges toward it and pushes negative charges away from it. This causes the attraction from a charged object to a neutrally-charged object.
54
Electric Force
The force of attraction or repulsion between objects due to their charges
55
Field
The area in which an object experiences a force that acts at a distance.
56
Field lines.
A field model made up of arrows. Spacing between the field lines is the strength of the field. The closer they are to one another - the stronger the field is.
57
Gravitational Field
The area surrounding an object in which another object can be pulled towards that object. Arrows point towards the object exerting the force.
58
Where do field lines point?
Away from positive and towards negative.
59
Where do magnetic field lines point?
Away from the north poles and towards the south pole.
60
Electric Current. What is it? What is it measured by? How?
The continuous flow of charged particles from one region to another. It's measured by ammeters and is measured by determining the rate at which electric charges floe past a certain point. Physical effect of the electric charge must be used to measure.
61
When is a magnetic field created?
When charged objects or when charges move through an object.
62
Electromagnetism
The interaction between electricity and magnetism.
63
Solenoids
A long, straight coil of wire. It's fields are all overlapping. They use loops of wire to concentrate the magnetic field into a smaller area, The loops of wire generate a smaller, stronger, magnetic field than a straight wire. It can also be wrapped around an object, known as the solenoid's core.
64
Electromagnet
An electromagnetic is a coil of wire around an iron core/ The iron core is neccesary to generate the magnetic field and amplify the force. The magnetic field generated by the moving charges temporarily aligns the magnetic domains, making it magnetic. Due to the iron core also working as a magnet, the electromagnet is much stronger than a solenoid without a core.
65
Electric Current's Affect on Magnetic Fields
Affects the strength. When the current is increased, the electromagnet is stronger and can puck up more/heavier materials.
66
What affects current?
Number of loops in the solenoid, speed of the magnet's movement, and the strength of the magnet.
67
Electromagnetic Induction
The process of creating a current in a circuit by changing a magnetic field. (Pass a coil through a wire).
68
Wave/ Wave Pulse
A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy from one place to another. If the wave’s energy is transferred only one time, then a wave pulse is formed.
69
Transverse Wave
A transverse wave is where the particles vibrate perpendicularly (up and down) to the direction the wave travels.
70
Longitudinal Wave
A longitudinal wave is where the particles vibrate parallel to the direction the wave travels (side to side).
71
Compression and Rarefaction. Crest and Trough.
Compression - where the coils are close to each other
Rarefaction - where the coils are spread out
Crest - the highest point
Trough - the lowest point
72
Mechanical Waves
A wave that travels through a medium due to the motion of matter. Sound is a common one.
73
Amplitude, Wavelength, Frequency, and Wave Speed.
Amplitude - the maximum distance the particles of a waves medium vibrate from the resting position
Wavelength - the distance from any point on a wave to the corresponding point on the next wave.
frequency - the number of waves produced in a set amount of time.
Wave speed - the rate at which a wave travels through a medium. Found my multiplying frequency and wavelength.
74
Frequency Increases -
Amplitude Increases -
Wavelength decreases
Wavelength stays the same
75
Medium
A material through which the energy of a wave moves from one place to another.
76
Sound is delayed because....
it's travelling through air particles
77
Sound wave
A sound wave is a longitudinal mechanical wave caused by the vibration of particles as the wave travels through a medium.
78
Pitch
How low or high a sound is. It's directly related to frequency. Lower pitch is clearer than higher pitch because higher pitches bounce off the particles. Lower pitches have less to hit off.
79
Volume of sound is related to...
the amplitude of the sound wave
80
Absorption
Mechanical waves cause particles in a medium to move. As a wave passes through a medium, the medium’s particles move. These particles bump into one another and transfer energy. During this movement, some of the wave’s energy is converted to thermal energy by friction. Absorption refers to a medium converting the energy of a mechanical wave into other forms. When energy is absorbed by a medium, the medium gains thermal energy and the wave loses that energy. A high-frequency wave will lose more energy to absorption than a low-frequency wave. The more a particle is moved, the more energy it loses to friction. High-frequency waves move a medium’s particles more often.
81
Reflection
When, when a wave encounters the boundary of a medium, the wave reverses directions and travels back through the original medium. (ex. echo)
82
Transmission
When a mechanical wave encounters a new medium, it can move into that new medium. This process is called transmission.
83
Energy in Partially Reflected Waves
When a mechanical wave is partially reflected and partially transmitted, the original wave becomes two waves. The energy from the original wave is split between the transmitted wave and the reflected wave. Because the original wave’s energy is split between the two new waves, each of the new waves will have less energy than the original wave. Amplitude depends on the medium, so the transmitted and reflected waves’ amplitudes could be very different. The reflected wave and the original wave both move through the same medium, so they can be directly compared.
84
Electromagnetic Waves
They have two parts. They are made up of both changing electric and magnetic fields. Because these fields can exist in empty space, EM waves don't need a medium in which to travel.
85
Visible light
Light we readily see
86
What changes with color? What is inversely proportional to wavelength?
Color. Frequency.
87
White Light
Light we perceive when out eyes detect all wavelengths of visible light at once.
88
Greater amplitude = _______
(looking at lights)
Brighter light
89
What is the energy of a wave proportional to?
Amplitude squared
90
Transparent Materials
Light transmits through transparent materials, and objects can be seen clearly through them.
91
Translucent Materials
Translucent materials transmit light but the light is scattered into many different directions. An object appears distorted or fuzzy through a translucent material.
92
Opaque Materials
Opaque materials do not let any light pass through them. Instead, they reflect light, absorb light, or both. When light enters a material but does not leave it, the light is absorbed. Absorption is the transfer of light energy to matter.
93
Refraction
This bending, or change in direction, of a light wave as it passes from one medium into another is called refraction. The amount and direction of the refraction depends on several factors, including the angle at which the light hits the boundary and the relative speed of light in the two media.
94
Filter
A medium that transmits certain wavelengths but absorbs others.
95
Ocean Current
A movement of ocean water that follows a regular pattern
96
Surface Current
Ocean currents that flow near or at the ocean's surface. This horizontal movement of water in a regular pattern at the ocean's surface is called a surface current.
97
Global Winds and how they affect Surface Currents
Surface winds cause surface currents by transferring energy to ocean water this powers surface currents in the oceans.
98
Continental Deflections
When surface currents reach continents, they deflect and change directions.
99
Coriolis Effect
The curving of the path of a moving object (such as wind or water) from an otherwise straight path due to Earth's rotation.
100
What factors affect surface currents?
Global winds, continental deflection, and the Coriolis effect.
101
Deep Ocean Currents
The movement of water in regular patterns beneath the surface.
102
Surface currents make weather _______ in winter and ________ in summer.
Warmer. Colder.
103
What factors affect deep currents?
Density differences and gravity. At Earth's poles, surface water cools and becomes denser. The denser water is pulled to the ocean floor by gravity and sinks. The cold, desne water moves in the ocean towards the equator, forming a deep current.
104
What is a sea breeze
When the ocean has a lower temperature than the land and the land temperature goes over because it is higher, and the sea temperature goes under because it is lower, creating a breeze.
105
What is a land breeze?
When the land has a lower temperature than the ocean and the ocean has a higher temperature, the y create wind
106
As salinity increases, does density increase or decrease?
Increase
107
What is an occluded front?
When a cold front catches up to a warm front and the warm front goes over it
108
What kind of weather is expected at an occluded front?
Varied levels of rain
109
What is a warm front?
when warm wet air rises over cold air mass.
