Semester B Unit 3

Question 1

1. Before the mid-1700s, what was the traditional way of life in Europe? How did most people make their living, and where did they live?

Answer 1

Most people lived on farms or in small towns of two hundred to three hundred people. They typically did not own land, but rented the fields they farmed, and they grazed their animals on the village commons.

Question 2

2. The Industrial Revolution began in England. What features existed in England that made it suitable for the development of industry?
   Social/Human factors
   Geographic factors

Answer 2

Stable and supportive government, strong banking system, overseas markets, large labor force, enterprising businessmen and inventors
Rivers for water power and transportation of goods, natural resources such as iron and coal for manufacturing tools and machines

Question 3

3. Why did many people move from farms to cities in the late 1700s?

Answer 3

Advances in agriculture spurred population growth but created a need for larger fields. Landowners demanded that the public lands be converted to private use, and farmers no longer had a place to graze their animals. Many left farms to look for work in the cities.

Question 4

4. Use the phrases in the chart to fill in the spaces on the time line that describe the technological advances in England’s textile industry.
   * Watt’s steam engine powers textile-making machinery.
   * Hargreaves’s spinning jenny multiplies thread production.
   * Arkwright’s water frame uses water power to run a thread-making machine.
   * Kay’s flying shuttle speeds up the weaving process
   1730s
   -
   1760s
   -
   -
   1780s
   -

Answer 4

1730s
Kay’s flying shuttle speeds up the weaving process
1760s
Hargreaves’s spinning jenny multiplies thread production
Arkwright’s water frame uses water power to run a thread-making machine
1780
Watt’s steam engine powers textile-making machinery

Question 5

5. Many early machines were operated by humans or animals. What two forms of power were used to run the new textile machines?

Answer 5

Water and steam

Question 6

6. Describe the life of a typical factory worker in an English textile mill.

Answer 6

Workers followed a rigid schedule; the work was highly repetitive and monotonous; they often worked from 5 a.m. to 8 p.m.in an oppressive, unhealthy environment; and they were at their boss’s mercy in regard to pay, hours, and working conditions.

Question 7

8. Read the sidebar on page 584, “Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin.” How did the cotton gin change life in the American South?

Answer 7

It made southern farmers more committed to growing cotton, and thus more dependent on slave labor.

Question 8

1. The Industrial Revolution spread from England to other countries. By the end of the 1800s, what two nations rivaled Great Britain as an industrial power?

Answer 8

Germany and the United States

Question 9

2. Which industry did Samuel Slater bring from England to the United States, and what effect did his business methods have on other industries?

Answer 9

Slater built America’s first water-powered textile mill in Rhode Island, and within a few years, he owned mills throughout New England. In his factories, each task was broken down into a few simple steps. Other American businessmen copied Slater’s methods in factories that made iron, guns, tools, and other goods.

Question 10

3. What effect did the War of 1812 have on American manufacturing?

Answer 10

Cut off from the supply of British products, Americans boosted their own manufacturing. By 1894, the United States ranked first in the world as a manufacturing nation and produced twice as many goods as Britain.

Question 11

5. What source of energy sparked the most widespread interest as a source of power in the late nineteenth century?

Answer 11

Electricity

Question 12

Who invented/improved:
Roads
Canals
Steamboats/steamships
Railroads
Communication (telegraph)
Steel
Petroleum
Telephone
Electricity and Electric lightbulb
Wireless Telegraph
Internal combustion engine and automobile

Answer 12

ROADS - John McAdam
CANALS - Francis Egerton
STEAMBOATS/STEAMSHIPS - Robert Fulton
RAILROADS - George Stephenson
COMMUNICATION (TELEGRAPH) - Samuel Morse
STEEL - Henry Bessemer/Andrew Carnegie
PETROLEUM - Various
TELEPHONE - Alexander Graham Bell
ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRIC LIGHTBULB - Thomas Edison
WIRELESS TELEGRAPH - Guglielmo Marconi
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE AND AUTOMOBILE - Etienne Lenoir
Gottlieb Daimler, Wilhelm Maybach, Karl Benz

Question 13

1. In the late 1700s, Eli Whitney introduced interchangeable parts to manufacturing. What new method did Henry Ford introduce at the beginning of the twentieth century, and what impact did it have on the goods that were produced?

Answer 13

Ford introduced the assembly line method of production, in which each worker performed a particular task and parts were delivered to workers on conveyor belts. The time required to manufacture a product was much less, so the goods could be sold for a much lower price.

Question 14

2. How is a corporation similar to a joint-stock company?

Answer 14

Like a joint-stock company, a corporation is owned by investors who profit if the corporation succeeds

Question 15

4. Briefly describe working conditions in a typical factory around the turn of the twentieth century

Answer 15

Factories were usually dirty, dark, and poorly ventilated. Workers had long hours and few breaks, and could lose pay or be fired if they were late or broke rules set by supervisors. Machines were dangerous, and workers were often injured.

Question 16

5. How did the Industrial Revolution affect many working-class children?

Answer 16

Many children worked in factories under the same harsh conditions as adults

Question 17

9. What sparked the rise of the middle class?

Answer 17

Industries needed skilled and educated people to run them, and cities needed professionals such as teachers, doctors, and government officials. The new class was more affluent and could afford their own homes and luxuries. The growing numbers of middle-class citizens began to influence the development of industrialized societies

Question 18

1. Complete the following chart as you read about the major critics of capitalism and their beliefs. In the second column, provide at least two important facts regarding each person and/or his beliefs and ideas.
   John Stuart Mill
   Robert Owen
   Karl Marx

Answer 18

JOHN STUART MILL
* utilitarian philosopher
* argued that government should sometimes get involved in the
economy to help the poor and powerless
* favored establishing government-supported schools for the poor
* called for giving the right to vote to women

ROBERT OWEN
undertook a practical social experiment based on socialist ideals
* established a community called New Harmony that was to be a
utopia—a perfect society
* experiment failed after a few years

KARL MARX
* believed that religion did nothing to help poor people
* called for overthrow of capitalists and business owners
* envisioned a kind of socialism known as communism
* co-published a pamphlet called The Communist Manifesto
* wrote Das Kapital, in which he predicted the end of capitalism

Question 19

2. What is socialism?

Answer 19

an economic and political system in which the government controls property and the distribution of income

Question 20

3. Why did some European philosophers and economists reject capitalism?

Answer 20

They argued that society should be radically reorganized to benefit the poor and the working classes. They believed capitalism harmed society by encouraging the huge gap between rich and poor.

Question 21

4. Describe communism in terms of property and wealth.

Answer 21

In communism, there is no private property and all the wealth is equally shared by all.

Question 22

6. Complete the following as you read the subsection titled “Darwin and Natural Selection.”
   Beagle Expedition
   * Explored the ____________________ Islands in the 1830s
   * Recorded observations of plant and animal life; puzzled over great ____________________ of life on the islands

Influenced By
British ____________________ Robert Malthus for limited resources.

His Theory
* Published ____________________
* Thesis: All plants and animals have gradually ____________________ over time through a process called ____________________ selection.

Results
* Darwin’s work resulted in strong opposition from many ____________________ leaders.
* Writes applied Darwin’s ideas to society in a theory which came to be known as ____________________ Darwinism.

Answer 22

Beagle Expedition
* Explored the GALAPAGOS Islands in the 1830s
* Recorded observations of plant and animal life; puzzled over great DIVERSITY of life on the islands

Influenced By
British ECONOMIST Robert Malthus for limited resources.

His Theory
* Published ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION
* Thesis: All plants and animals have gradually EVOLVED over time through a process called NATURAL selection.

Results
* Darwin’s work resulted in strong opposition from many RELIGIOUS leaders.
* Writes applied Darwin’s ideas to society in a theory which came to be known as SOCIAL Darwinism.

Question 23

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1cEg0MlJMcqIjFrcWAlyGpRydzvhu0oTRWnDUWOYSA04/edit

Question 24

3. What were two arguments used by those who were against women’s suffrage?

Answer 24

Some people argued that giving women the right to vote would destroy the family. Others argued that women lacked the intelligence to vote.

Question 25

4. Complete the following to explain why workers formed labor unions and to describe the accomplishments of those labor unions.
   Cause: → Effect/Cause: → Effect:
   Workers formed labor unions and used collective bargaining.

Answer 25

Cause: → Effect/Cause: → Effect:
CAUSE: Workers spent long hours in miserable and often dangerous conditions.
EFFECT/CAUSE: Workers formed labor unions and used collective bargaining
EFFECT: Working conditions began to change for the better.

Question 26

6. Complete the following to briefly describe three examples of city renewal during the 1800s.

Improving City Life
London, England Paris, France New York City, United States
* * * * * *

Answer 26

London, England
- Police force in London
- New sewer system
- New roads
- Public health improvements–by tearing down buildings in slums
Paris, France
- Grand, tree-lined boulevards
- New aqueducts for clean water
- New sewers
- Electric trams, trolleys, and an underground railway system
New York City, United States
- Skyscrapers–made possible by a new kind of steel and safe, efficient elevators
- Central Park

Question 27

2. Why did businesses begin to focus on the needs and wants of the middle class in the late 1800s?

Answer 27

The middle class had grown, and by the late 1800s far outnumbered the rich. They needed clothes and household goods and wanted small luxuries. They also wanted activities for their leisure time.

Question 28

3. Several elements of the mass society had emerged by 1900. Fill in the blanks below to identify these elements.
   Mass Society
   Mass _______________ of goods (made possible by factories)
   Mass _______________ (result of what factories made possible)
   Mass _______________ (result of telephone and wireless telegraph)
   Mass _______________ (result of people’s desires to amuse themselves)
   Mass _______________ (resulted in more people who could read and write)

Answer 28

Mass PRODUCTION of goods (made possible by factories)
Mass CONSUMERISM (result of what factories made possible)
Mass COMMUNICATION (result of telephone and wireless telegraph)
Mass ENTERTAINMENT (result of people’s desires to amuse themselves)
Mass EDUCATION (resulted in more people who could read and write)

Question 29

4. In the second half of the nineteenth century, two innovations of mass society helped distribute the goods being created by the Industrial Revolution.
   * _______________ stores: pioneered by Aristide Boucicaut; served __________, middle-class consumers
   * _______________ catalog industry: pioneered by Montgomery Ward, Richard Sears, and Alvah Roebuck; served __________, middle-class consumers

Answer 29

• DEPARTMENT stores: pioneered by Aristide Boucicaut; served URBAN, middle-class consumers
• MAIL-ORDER catalog industry: pioneered by Montgomery Ward, Richard Sears, and Alvah Roebuck; served RURAL, middle-class consumers

Question 30

1. What is imperialism? Define the New Imperialism.

Answer 30

Imperialism is the practice of extending a nation’s power by taking over other lands or exerting political and economic control over them. The grab for empire from the 1870s to about 1910 is often called the New Imperialism.

Question 31

Answer:
2. Describe the causes and justifications for imperialism by completing the following diagram.

Economic Interest
*
*
Nationalism and Military Needs
*
*
Religious Motivations
*
*
Results
*
*

Answer 31

ECONOMIC INTEREST
-Needed a source for raw materials and goods (coal, iron, rubber, ivory, gold, copper, coffee, and fruit)
-Wanted to sell manufactured goods to the colonies
-European businessmen ran farms, mines and railroads.

NATIONALISM AND MILITARY NEEDS
-Colonies provide ports where both commercial and military ships could take on fuel and supplies.
-Colonies also competed to acquire colonies as symbols of national pride

RELIGIOUS MOTIVATION
-Missionaries traveled to India, China, and Africa and set up hospitals and schools while they tried to covert people to Christianity
-Many native people resented the missionaries’ attempts to turn them away from their traditional faiths.

RESULTS
-Europeans considered Africans and Asians uncivilized and in need of Western guidance and leadership.
-Practiced the ideas of social Darwinism (only the strong survive) to justify imperialism

Question 32

3. Who was David Livingstone?

Answer 32

He was a Scotsman and a missionary who traveled across Africa to treat the sick.

Question 33

4. In the 1800s, various European nations began claiming large parts of the African continent as colonies.
   Describe imperialism in Africa by completing the following diagram.
   North Africa South Africa West Africa East Africa The Congo
   * * * * * * * * * *

Answer 33

NORTH AFRICA
-Algeria was a French colony dominated by a ruling class
-Tunisia and Morocco became French protectorates.
-Libya became an Italian colony.
-Egypt was declared a British protectorate in 1914.

SOUTH AFRICA
-In the early 1800s, Britain occupied the Cape Colony and the Boers (original Dutchmen) resented the British takeover of their colony.
-Boers migrated northward to avoid British antislavery laws; they established two republics, Transvaal and the Orange Free State.
-When diamonds were discovered, the British wanted to use the native population as a source of low-paid labor, but ran into resistance from the Zulu tribe

WEST AFRICA
-France claimed French West Africa, which stretched from the Sahara to the Atlantic Ocean.
-Britain established colonies along the coast—Sierra Leone, the Gold Coast (Ghana), and Nigeria
-Britain and France competed for land, resources, and influence.
-By 1900, Liberia was the only western African country to remain independent.

EAST AFRICA
-Was largely divided among Britain, Germany, and Portugal
-Italy launched an invasion of Ethiopia but failed
-Ethiopia was the only country to retain its independence.

THE CONGO
-King Leopold of Belgium declared himself King Sovereign of the Congo Free State.
-The major resource harvested was rubber.
-Leopold’s forces resorted to a system of forced labor
-Between 8 and 10 million Congolese were murdered, starved, or worked to death.
-The Congo remained a Belgian colony until 1960.

Question 34

5. Why was the Suez Canal so important to the European countries?

Answer 34

The Suez Canal linked the Mediterranean and Red seas. Ships could pass from Europe to Asia without sailing around the African continent.

Question 35

6. What was the cause and outcome of the Anglo-Boer War?

Answer 35

The British insisted that Boer territories should be subordinate to the British Empire, and the Boers did not want to be under British rule. The bitterness between the British and the Boers erupted into war. The Boer women and children were herded into camps where many died of disease and malnutrition. In 1902, the British won the war and established the Union of South Africa as part of the British Empire.

Question 36

7. In 1910, Union of South Africa attained self-government. What did this mean for the whites and blacks who lived in the once-British colony?

Answer 36

Whites held most of the country’s wealth and political power, while most blacks lived in poverty and had few rights. The government was based in racial separation and control. Black South Africans were deprived of most of the country’s land and were subject to discriminatory laws.

Question 37

8. What is apartheid?

Answer 37

Apartheid is a policy of complete separation of the races.

Question 38

1. Who were the sepoys, and what were the causes and outcomes of the Sepoy Rebellion (Sepoy Mutiny)?

Answer 38

Sepoys were Indian troops who were organized and outfitted with uniforms and guns by the British East India Company.
The immediate cause of the Sepoy Rebellion was a long-term prison sentence some sepoys received for refusing to use the new greased cartridges, which were partly made from the fat of cows and hogs. The sepoys considered it a religious insult to use the greased cartridges. The rebellion led to the killing of British officers. A bloody conflict followed the rebellion and it took two years for the British to restore order, which was often accomplished by cruel means. In the end, the British government shut down the East India Company and decided to rule India directly.

Question 39

3. What efforts did the British make to modernize India?

Answer 39

The British built railroads across India, constructed telegraph and telephone systems, expanded irrigation networks, and established universities.

Question 40

4. How did British control affect Indians?

Answer 40

Most Indians lived in poverty and were discriminated against by the British. An Indian middle class emerged but was not allowed to advance to higher positions in government or the army. Resentment of British domination led to the formation of the Indian National Congress (later called the Congress Party), which helped lead the struggle for Indian independence in the mid-twentieth century

Question 41

5. What were some of China’s trade practices that the British found unfavorable? How did the British respond to these practices?

Answer 41

China’s rulers had limited trade with foreigners to one city; the Chinese demanded that all payments for their goods be made in silver; and British traders could not sell manufactured goods in China in exchange for products such as tea. The British traders ignored the law and bribed authorities to allow opium into the country. Millions of Chinese became addicted to the drug

Question 42

6. What were the results of the Opium Wars?

Answer 42

China signed the Treaty of Nanjing and was forced to grant trading privileges to foreign powers and exempt these countries’ citizens from Chinese law. The 1842 treaty also gave Britain a new colony in China, Hong Kong. The Chinese were humiliated by their inability to defend their own territory and regulate their own trade.

Question 43

8. What were Sun Yat-sen’s three goals for promoting Chinese nationalism?

Answer 43

• To expel the Manchu Qing Dynasty that many Chinese saw as foreign
• To establish a democratic republic
• To bring economic security to the Chinese people

Question 44

1. What prompted Japan to open its country to more trade?

Answer 44

Japan’s leaders realized that their sword-wielding samurai were no match for Western ships, cannons, and rifles. They also knew that their neighbors, the Chinese, had just been crushed by the British in a recent series of wars.

Question 45

2. What were some of the provisions in the trade treaties that the United States and other Western nations insisted that Japan sign?

Answer 45

The treaties required Japan to maintain low tariffs on goods imported from the West. The treaties also stated that Westerners residing in Japan were not subject to Japanese law.

Question 46

3. What were the Meiji Restoration and the Meiji Era?

Answer 46

In 1868, a civil war in Japan ended with the defeat of the shogun’s forces. The emperor, Mutsuhito, was restored as governor of Japan. This return to power is known as the Meiji Restoration, and the long period of Mutsuhito’s reign (1868–1912) is known as the Meiji Era.

Question 47

4. How did Japan respond to Western dominance?

Answer 47

Japan responded to Western dominance by abandoning its feudal past and rapidly modernizing. The Meiji government invested heavily in the latest means of communication and transportation by installing telegraph lines, laying miles of railroad track, setting up a modern banking system, and investing in textile mills, cement factories, and shipyards. The government built schools in most Japanese towns and villages and built up their military forces.

Question 48

5. What was Japan’s goal for participating in the Sino-Japanese War? What was the outcome of the war?

Answer 48

Japan’s population was increasing and Japan needed more natural resources and someone to buy its manufactured products. Japan saw the war as an opportunity to dominate Korea and have access to Korea’s valuable resources such as coal and iron. Japan also demanded that China make huge payments of silver, and turn over the island of Taiwan. Japan got the opportunity to show the world its strength in modern warfare and imperial bullying.

Question 49

6. Why did both Japan and Russia want to control Manchuria? What were the results of the Russo-Japanese War?

Answer 49

The Russians wanted to control Manchuria in order to protect the Trans-Siberian Railroad, which would connect Moscow to a Russian port on the Sea of Japan. Japan wanted Manchuria for its coal and rice, and to help safeguard its control of Korea. The Japanese defeated the Russians in the Russo-Japanese War. In a peace treaty, Japan gained formerly Russian ports in Manchuria, but the Russians were allowed to keep their railroad.

Question 50

7. What were the arguments for and against U.S. imperial expansion?

Answer 50

Some of the arguments for U.S. imperial expansion were investment opportunities, new markets for manufactured goods, and a nationalist urge to prove U.S. fitness among economic competitors. Some Americans opposed of the idea of an American Empire. They argued that it was wrong for a nation born in an anticolonial revolution to become a colonial power. Some also expressed worries about the addition of millions of nonwhite people to American territory

Question 51

8. In 1898, the United States went to war against Spain to protect American interests in the Caribbean and to help the people of Cuba. The results were far-reaching. What territories did the U. S. gain from Spain at the end of the war? How did the U.S. justify its takeover of the Philippines?

Answer 51

The United States gained unofficial control of Cuba, and possession of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. The United States justified its takeover of the Philippines by arguing that if the United States did not take control, France, Britain, or Germany would. It was also argued that Americans had a duty to “uplift and civilize” the Filipinos.

Question 52

What was the Roosevelt Corollary? Give examples of how the Roosevelt Corollary was put into action.

Answer 52

The Roosevelt Corollary was a policy whereby the United States had the right to assert international police power in the Western Hemisphere. In 1902, when Germany and Britain mounted a naval blockade of Venezuela in a dispute over repayment of Venezuela’s debts, Roosevelt lifted the blockade by threatening military action. The United States intervened in a similar quarrel over debts owed by the Dominican Republic. When political unrest threatened American economic interests in Cuba, Roosevelt sent in the marines, who occupied the island from 1906 to 1909.