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biology > Semester Exam Review > Flashcards

Semester Exam Review Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

Define population

A

Group of same species

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2
Q

Define community

A

All different living things

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3
Q

Define ecosystem

A

All living things plus nonliving things

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4
Q

Define biome

A

Similar climate and communities

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5
Q

Define biosphere

A

Places on earth where life is found

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6
Q

Define producers

A

An organism that produces its own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis and constitutes the first traffic level in a food chain; an autotroph

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7
Q

Define autotroph

A

An organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances

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8
Q

Define consumer

A

Organisms of a food chain that receive energy by consuming other organisms

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9
Q

Define heterotroph

A

An organism deriving it’s nutritional requirements from complex organic substances

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10
Q

Define decomposers

A

Organisms that feed on dead organisms and turn organic matter into non-organic matter

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11
Q

Define herbivore

A

Get energy from plants

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12
Q

Define carnivore

A

Get energy from meat

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13
Q

Define omnivore

A

Gets energy from both plants and meat

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14
Q

Define food chain

A

Shows flow of energy with only a few organisms

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15
Q

Define food web

A

Shows flow of energy of a whole community

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16
Q

Define biomass

A

Amount of organic matter

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17
Q

Define trophic level

A

Levels of a food chain

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18
Q

Define nitrogen fixation

A

Taking nitrogen from atmosphere and turning it into ammonia

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19
Q

Define Greenhouse effect

A

The trapping of the Suns heat inside earths atmosphere need for life

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20
Q

Define Legumes

A

Plants with nitrogen fixing bacteria

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21
Q

Define climate

A

The weather conditions of the area all the time

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22
Q

Define biogeochemical cycles

A

Carbon, water, and nitrogen cycles

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23
Q

Define biotic factors

A

Living factors

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24
Q

Define abiotic factors

A

Non-living factors

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25
Define symbiosis
When two or more species live in a relationship
26
Define mutualism
Both species benefit
27
Define commensalism
One species benefits the other is not affected
28
Define parasitism
One species benefits the other is harmed
29
Define primary succession
Starts on Bare rock
30
Define secondary succession
Life already existed
31
Define climax community-
Stable community which has reached equilibrium after having evolved through stages
32
Define non-native species
Species that are native to the area they are in
33
Define population density
Number of individuals in an area
34
Define purebred
Organisms would produce identical offspring
35
Define hybrid
Mix between two different species
36
Define self pollination
Pollen from one flower pollinating the same flowers
37
define cross pollination
Pollen from one flower goes to another flower
38
Define alleles
Different forms of the same gene
39
Define probability
The chance of something happening
40
Define genotype
The type of allele
41
Define phenotype
Physical feature
42
Define incomplete dominance
a third in between phenotype exists
43
Define codominance
Both alleles are expressed independently
44
Define multiple alleles
More than two alleles for one pair of genes
45
Find polygenic
Many pairs of genes for the same trait
46
Define diploid
Both sets of chromosomes
47
Define haploid
One set of chromosomes
48
Define gametes
Sex cells
49
Define crossing over
The exchange of genes between a homologous chromosomes resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics
50
Define chromosomes
The threadlike structure of nucleic acid and protein found in the nucleus of most living things carrying genetic information in the form of genes
51
Define replication
Taking one original DNA molecule and producing two identical replicas
52
Define transcription
A certain segment of DNA is copied into RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase
53
Define translation
When mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes interact to form protein
54
Define codon
Every three mRNA bases for one amino acid
55
Define anti-codon
Three tRNA bases which join the codon
56
Find mutation
Alteration in sequence of nucleotides
57
Define insertion
One or more nucleotide is added and it changes the amino acid
58
Define deletion
When you take one or more out of the sequence and it changes the amino acid
59
Define substitution
Silent, missense, nonsense some change the amino acid and others don't
60
Define frameshift
When one or more nucleotide is inserted or deleted causing a change in the sequence that alters the protein
61
Define acquired characteristics
Characteristics that you get after you were born | examples tan and hair dye
62
Define diversity
Range of different things
63
Define natural selection
Where organisms to have better adapted survive and produce offspring
64
Define adaptation
Change by which the organism becomes better suited to its environment
65
Define comparative anatomy
The study of anatomical structures and evolutionary relationships
66
Define homologous
More design but different function (common ancestor)
67
Define analogous
Similar function but different design (no common ancestor)
68
Define vestigial structures
Parts with no apparent function
69
What is the parts of the water cycle?
Precipitation to runoffs to evaporation/transpiration to condensation then back to precipitation
70
What is the part of the carbon cycle?
Carbon goes into plants but when they die they become fossil fuels and when those burn the burn carbon dioxide
71
What is Mendel's principle of dominance?
When two different alleles are present one or will always present over the other
72
What is Mendel's principle of segregation?
When the sex cells form only one of each pairs of alleles will be present
73
What is Mindel's principle of independent assortment?
Inheritance of one trait does not influence the inheritance of another trait
74
How are gametes produced?
Meiosis
75
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
Meiosis happens to times and makes for different cells in mitosis happens once and produces two identical cells
76
How many times does replication occur during meiosis?
Twice
77
What are the three parts of DNA nucleotide? How is RNA different?
Phosphate, sugar, base RNA is the opposite
78
How many RNA types are there?
Two: mRNA and tRNA
79
What are the steps in protein synthesis?
1. ) copy of one side of DNA strand is made 2. ) MRNA moves to cytoplasm then ribosome 3. ) MRNA goes the ribosome three bases at a time 4. ) TRNA matches up with the open DNA bases 5. ) TRNA releases the amino acid at top which joins the chain of amino acids being produced
80
How do you convert DNA into a polypeptide chain using a codon chart?
Sections of three letters turned into mRNA and those three letters are code for certain amino acids
81
What observations did Darwin make on the Galapagos Islands when he observes species?
Finches iguanas and tortoises
82
What is the name of the book Darwin wrote?
The origin of species by means of natural selection
83
What is descent with modification?
Adaptation through generations of species
84
What is gene shuffling and what does that have to do with inheritance differences?
To fix mutations by making a mutation that is good
85
Define individual
Single organism

biology (9 decks)

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