Semester Final Flashcards
1
Q
An increase in mass
A
Growth
2
Q
Multiple tissues in one functioning structure
A
Organ
3
Q
The application of science
A
Technology
4
Q
Atom or molecule with an electrical charge
A
Ion
5
Q
Compounds with same molecular formula but different structures
A
Isomers
6
Q
Small simple organic molecules
A
Monomers
7
Q
Repelled by water
A
Hydrophobic
8
Q
Any 6 carbon sugar
A
Hexose
9
Q
What is another name for the Reduction/ Oxidation Reaction?
A
Redox Reaction
10
Q
What type of fatty acid has one double bond in a chain?
A
Monounsaturated Fatty Acid
11
Q
What is “hydrogenated vegetable oil”?
A
Margarine and Shortening
12
Q
What is 70% of human body weight?
A
Water
13
Q
What type of fatty acid is associated with plant oils?
A
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
14
Q
Most abundant organic molecule on Earth
A
Cellulose
15
Q
Any 5 carbon sugar
A
Pentose
16
Q
Molecular structures (groups of atoms) incorporated into organic molecules
A
Functional Group
17
Q
Line of reasoning using specific information to form broad generalizations
A
Inductive Reasoning
18
Q
What is the process of a substance gaining electrons or H atoms
A
Reduction
19
Q
What type of fatty acid has carbons bonded by single bonds?
A
Saturated Fatty Acids
20
Q
Attracted to water
A
Hydrophillic
21
Q
A group of organisms of the same species
A
Population
22
Q
What type of fatty acid has 2 or more double bonds in a chain?
A
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid
23
Q
What is the most common monosaccharide?
A
Glucose
24
Q
Substance that resists pH change
A
Buffer
25
Atoms of the same element with different mass numbers
Isotopes
26
In redox reactions, what must occur together?
Reduction and Oxidation
27
Compound formed when the H+ of an acid is replaced by some other cation
Salt
28
Atoms held together by sharing electrons
Covalent Bonds
29
Energy storage carbohydrate produced by animals
Glycogen
30
What is the main component of plant cell walls?
Cellulose
31
An atom's attraction for electrons
Electronegativity
32
Concept supported by a large amount of physical evidence
Theory
33
All the living organisms in one place and one time
Community
34
Sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom (for a particular isotope)
Mass Number
35
Fungal cell walls and anthropod exoskeletons
Chitin
36
Outermost shell
Valence Shell
37
Long chain or network of monomers
Polymer
38
Any 3 carbon sugar
Triose
39
What always contains C and H?
Organic Molecules
40
Molecule composed of C and H only
Hydrocarbons
41
Weak attraction between a Hydrogen with a partial (weak) positive charge and an Oxygen or Nitrogen with a partial (weak) negative charge
Hydrogen Bond
42
A community plus the nonliving environment
Ecosystem
43
What reaction involves the transfer of electrons from one substance to another
Redox Reaction
44
Line of reasoning using accepted generalizations to suggest the outcome of a specific situation
Deductive Reasoning
45
Ions with a positive charge
Cations
46
Substance that dissociates and releases OH- ions
Base
47
All the Earth's ecosystems
Biosphere
48
What are radioactive isotopes?
Radioisotopes
49
What is the isomer of glucose?
Fructose
50
A carbohydrate and a protein
Glycoprotein
51
Number of moles of solute per liter of solution
Molarity
52
When polymers are broken down to monomers
Hydrolysis
53
What can bond with more elements than any other type of atom?
Carbon
54
What causes water to be an excellent solvent?
Polarity
55
Simplifying a problem down to its component parts
Reductionism
56
Average number of protons plus neutrons in the atoms of an element
Atomic Mass
57
Characteristics and interactions seen only at higher levels of organization
Emergent Properties
58
Substance that accepts H+ ions
Base
59
What transfers information between generations?
DNA
60
What do adaptations result from?
Evolution
61
Atoms (ions) held together due to opposite charges
Ionic Bond
62
When dealing with PET scans, what does PET stand for?
Positron Emission Tomography
63
What changes unsaturated fatty acid to saturated fatty acid?
Margarine and Shortening
64
What is the structure due to hydrogen bonds, covalent bonds, disulfide bonds, and hydrophobic interactions?
Tertiary Structure
65
Change in protein shape and loss of function
Denaturation
66
Atoms of 2 or more elements bonded together
Compound
67
The mucus in respiratory and digestive tracts.
Glycoprotein
68
What are DNA and RNA?
Nucleic Acids
69
Material in which substances dissolve
Solvent
70
The sum of the atomic masses of each atom in a molecule
Molecular Mass
71
What are the 4 major categories of organic molecules in organisms?
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids
72
2 rings of sugar
Disaccharide
73
What type of fatty acid acts as a solid?
Saturated Fatty Acids
74
The process of a substance losing electrons or H atoms
Oxidation
75
All chemical activities in an organism; highly controlled; within narrow ranges; not random
Metabolism
76
What is the process of testing the hypothesis?
Experimenting
77
Characteristic that enhances an organism's ability to survive in a particular way of life
Adaptation
78
What are the two types of starch?
Amylose and Amylopectin
79
What is "partially hydrogenated vegetable oit"?
Trans Fatty Acid
80
Factor outside the organism or outside the cell
Stimulus
81
How many natural elements are there?
92
82
What determines final protein structure?
Sequence of amino acids
83
What are the 4 levels of protein structure?
1. Primary Structure
2. Secondary Structure
3. Tertiary Structure
4. Quaternary Structure
84
What type of fatty acid are not all double bonds broken?
Trans Fatty Acid
85
What shows areas of metabolic activity and inactivity?
PET scan
86
Describe the process of hydrolysis
Water is inserted into the polymer and it splits it
87
Experiment where neither the researcher nor the patients know who is the experimental group or control group
"double blind' experiment
88
Changes in a population due to natural selection (environmental pressure) acting on the genetic variation within a population
Evolution
89
Composed of C, H, O with a 2:1 ratio of H and O
Carbohydrates
90
Most common type of lipid
Triacylglycerol
91
Orderly and controlled growth
Development
92
A carbohydrate and a lipid
Glycolipid
93
What are the symbols for the orbitals?
s, p, d, and f
94
Substance that dissolves and releases H+ ions
Acid
95
Electrons in the valence shell
Valence Electrons
96
Educated guess; tentative explanation
Hypothesis
97
Found in the nucleus and is acidic
Nucleic Acids
98
Composed of one glucose and one fructose
Sucrose
99
What are the 4 elements that account for 96% of the mass of a living organism?
O, C, H, N
100
Energy storage carbohydrate produced by plants
Starch
101
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
102
Out of the animal kingdom, how many species are insects?
Around 900,000
103
Two monomers bond together forming a larger, more complex organic molecule plus a water molecule
Condensation Reaction
104
Molecule composed of 1 ring of sugar
Monosaccharide
105
Field of biology that studies the relationships among organisms
Systemics
106
What structure has a sequence of amino acids?
Primary Structure
107
What is the structure of steroids?
4 rings
108
Fatty acid not made by the human body but required by the body
Essential Fatty Acid
109
Used in light reception in the eyes
Retinal
110
The amino acids humans can not synthesize; must be obtained as intact amino acids in the diet
Essential Amino Acids
111
What is the main function of a triacylglycerol?
It is a highly concentrated energy storage
112
Number of protons in an atom
Atomic Number
113
Substance that cannot be broken down by chemical reactions
Element
114
Chemical messengers that transfer information between one part of an organism and another
Hormones
115
Ions with a negative charge
Anions
116
How many species are in the animal kingdom?
Around 1,000,000
117
Amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance
Specific Heat
118
The result of adding the solvent to the solute
Solution
119
An experiment in which some of the individuals are not given the experimental treatment
Controlled Experiment
120
What is a monomer for polysaccharides?
Monosaccharide
121
An attempt to understand the physical characteristics of the world based on physical evidence
Science
122
Composed of one glucose and one galactose
Lactose
123
Who receives the treatment being tested?
Experimental Group
124
What type of fatty acid has one or more double bonds between carbons in the chain?
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
125
Transmit information by means of electrical impulses and chemical substances
Nerves
126
Smallest particle with all the characteristics of an element
Atom
127
Covalently bonded substance
Molecule
128
What are the levels of organization in order? (From smallest to biggest)
1. Atom
2. Molecule
3. Macromolecule
4. Organelle
5. Cell
6. Tissue
7. Organ
8. Organ System
9. Organism
10. Population
11. Community
12. Ecosystem
13. Biosphere
129
What is Binomial Nomenclature?
Scientific Names
130
One fatty acid replaced by a phosphate and choline group thus making part of the molecule polar
Phospholipid
131
Composed of two rings of glucose
Maltose
132
What does dissociate mean?
To split
133
Science of naming and classifying organisms
Taxonomy
134
The dissolved substance
Solute
135
There are approximately how many named species?
2,000,000
136
Orderly technique of problem solving used in science
Scientific Method
137
Substance held together by ionic bonds
Ionic Compound
138
Substance composed of one type of atom
Element
139
Who receives the placebo or the current standard treatment?
Control Group
140
Group of organisms with a high degree of similarity; an intermating population
Species
141
A group of similar cells
Tissue
142
How many Essential Amino Acids are there?
9
143
The yellow/orange plant pigments
Carotenoids
144
What does RNA stand for?
RiboNucleic Acid
145
What structure is a polypeptide chain but not yet a protein?
Primary Structure
146
What type of fatty acid forms a straight line?
Saturated Fatty Acids
147
What type of structure has helix or sheet folds and bends into a 3 dimensional shape?
Tertiary Structure
148
What can synthesize all the amino acids?
Bacteria and Plants
149
What are the 3 components of Nucleotides?
1. 5 carbon sugar
2. Phosphate group
3. Nitrogen containing base
150
What structure does polypeptide chain forms a helix or pleated sheet?
Secondary Structure
151
What is the structure of a triacylglycerol?
Glycerol (an alcohol) plus 3 fatty acids
152
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Triphosphate
153
How do carotenoids function in plants?
They function in photosynthesis
154
What are the basic building blocks of all life?
Cells
155
What type of fatty acid has the chain bent at each double bond?
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
156
Constant and appropriate internal conditions
Homeostasis
157
What does NAD stand for?
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
158
What can synthesize 11 of the 20 amino acids?
Human adults
159
What form unique chambers (organelles) where specialized reactions can occur?
Membranes
160
Controls cell activities due to DNA
Nucleus
161
How are cells produced?
By division of preexisting cells
162
How do carotenoids function in animals?
They form vitamin A and retinal
163
Double layer membrane with pores
Nuclear Envelope
164
What type of fatty acid acts as a liquid?
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
165
What type of structure has multiple polypeptide chains bonded together?
Quaternary Structure
166
One or more polypeptide chains
Protein
167
Result in the exclusion of water from regions of the polypeptide
Hydrophobic Interactions
168
Bond between amino acids
Peptide Bonds
169
Change in DNA sequence within a gene can change the amino acid sequence
Genetics
170
What controls movement into and out of the cell?
Plasma Membrane
171
Fluid within the nucleus
Nucleoplasm
172
What type of structure is due to hydrogen bonds?
Secondary Structure
173
100's of amino acids
Polypeptide
174
What type of fatty acid is associated with animal fats?
Saturated Fatty Acids
175
Long thin strands of DNA and protein
Chromatin
176
Large prominent structures in plant cells
Vacuoles
177
What have a greater tendency to move materials into and out of the cell as needed
Animal Cells
178
What are the energy conversion organelles in both plants and animals?
Animal- Mitochondria
| Plant- Chloroplasts
179
What is the structure of a peroxisome?
Vesicle like
180
What is the formula for aerobic respiration?
Glucose plus O2 yield ATP CO2 and H2O
181
Single celled organisms living in fresh water collect and remove water that enters the cell
Contractile Vacuole
182
What is the structure of the mitochondria?
Outer membrane, Inner membrane with cristae, and matrix
183
All --- cells have mitochondria
Eukaryotic Cells
184
What do animal cells use to digest worn out parts?
Lysosomes
185
What provides energy for cellular work?
ATP
186
What forms food vacuoles in humans?
White Blood Cells
187
What determines the number of mitochondria per cell?
The energy demands of the cell
188
What coils and condenses to form chromosomes?
Chromatin
189
Membrane surrounding a vacuole
Tonoplast
190
Single celled organisms that ingest particles such as bacteria or organic debris
Food Vacuole
191
What are the effects of lysosome disease?
1. Digestive enzymes are nonfunctional
2. Lysosome cannot digest cellular garbage
3. Cellular garbage accumulates
4. Cell becomes nonfunctional
192
What are contractile vacuoles?
Single celled organisms living in fresh water collect and remove water that enters the cell
193
What are the functions of a vacuole in plant cells?
1. Storage area within the cell
2. Digests worn out cell parts
3. Maintains turgor pressure
194
How do food vacuoles digest the ingested material?
They fuse with lysosomes
195
What type of cell cannot tolerate high turgor pressure produced by the vacuoles due to the lack of a cell wall?
Animal Cells
196
How is a secondary lysosome formed?
It is a primary lysosome that joins a food vacuole
197
What forms a food vacuole?
Single celled organisms that ingest particles such as bacteria or organic debris
198
Segment of DNA that codes for the amino acid sequence of a protein
Gene
199
What is the function of the nucleolus?
Assembles RNA and protein into ribosome subunits
200
Dark spots within the nucleus
Nucleolus (nucleoli)
201
Site of protein assembly
Ribosomes
202
What uncoils to form chromatin?
Chromosomes
203
What does the nucleolus produce?
RNA for ribosomes
204
When did microscopes become common tool in biology?
Mid to late 1800's
205
What are some structures unique to animal cells?
Lysosomes, Centrioles, Cilia/flagella
206
What has ribosomes on the outer surface?
Rough ER
207
What serves as a site for enzymatic reactions?
Membranes
208
What occupies up to 90% of the cell volume?
Vacuole
209
How is the primary lysosome formed?
By budding from the Golgi Complex
210
Cell that are elongated for conducting electrical signals
Nerve Cells
211
What is the site of aerobic respiration in animal cells?
Mitochondria
212
What is composed of chromatin coding for ribosomal RNA
Nucleolus (nucleoli)
213
When was the first microscope invented?
Late 1500's
214
What play a role in energy transfer?
Membranes
215
What is the function of lysosomes?
Digestion of macromolecules, worn out organelles, and worn out proteins
216
Where are ribosomes located?
They are either free floating or attached to membranes
217
What is the structure of a vesicle?
Small membranous sacks
218
When did organelles began to be observed?
Early 1900's
219
What produces proteins for secretion (export from cell) and for incorporation into other organelles.
Rough ER
220
What are ribosomes composed of?
RNA and protein
221
What type of cells fit together to form a sheet?
Epithelial Cells
222
The minimum distance between objects that can be seen as separate objects
Resolving Power
223
Breaking cells apart and separating cellular structures
Cell Fractionation
224
What produces cell wall components in plants?
Golgi Complex
225
What is the structure of the lysosome?
Vesicle like
226
Structures that carry out specific functions in the cell
Organelles
227
What processes, sorts, and modifies proteins produced in the ER?
Golgi Complex
228
What triggers apoptosis in animal cells?
Mitochondria
229
Where is the site of photosynthesis in plants and algae?
Chloroplasts
230
What is the function of the vesicle?
Transports materials within the cell
231
Side opposite the ER and nucleus, oriented toward plasma membrane; exit site
Trans Face
232
What is the structure of the Golgi Complex?
Sacks of flattened membranes
233
Contolled, genetically programmed cell death; normal process; occurs in epidermis and epithelium, tadpole development, and embryonic development of the fingers
Apoptosis
234
What is measured in gravity?
Centrifugal Force
235
Where is DNA contained?
Nucleus
236
What are some structures unique to plant cells?
Cell wall, Chloroplasts, Large central vacuole
237
Circular strand of DNA not surrounded by a membrane; not separated from the cytoplasm
Nucleoid
238
What contains Chloroplasts?
Plants and Algae
239
What is the formula for photosynthesis?
CO2 plus H2O plus ATP(produced by light energy) yields glucose plus O2
240
The amount of enlargement of an image
Magnification
241
Describe Apoptosis
Contolled, genetically programmed cell death; normal process; occurs in epidermis and epithelium, tadpole development, and embryonic development of the fingers
242
How are vesicles formed?
By budding from larger membranes
243
A machine that spinns a mixed suspension and separates components by density
Centrifuge
244
Side adjacent to ER and nucleus; entrance side
Cis Face
245
When did the electron microscope become common in biology?
1950's
246
Type of plastid that is colorless or white, stores oil and starch
Leucoplasts
247
What does the Thylakoid membrane contain?
Chlorophyll
248
What is the MTOC in animal cells?
A centrosome containing centrioles
249
Network of protein fibers
Cytoskeleton
250
Type of plastid that is red/orange/yellow pigments in fruits and flowers
Chromoplasts
251
Hair like appendages on outside of cell
Cilia/ Flagella
252
What plays a role in movement in animal cells?
Cytoskeleton
253
Concept that mitochondria and chloroplast originated from prokaryotic cells (bacteria)
Endosymbiotic Theory
254
Cylinders composed of microtubules
Centrioles
255
Tough, elastic protein fibers
Intermediate Filaments
256
What are the 3 types of protein?
Microtubules, Microfilaments, and Intermediate Filaments
257
What is the structure of a microtubule?
Hollow tube of breadlike proteins
258
Short and stiff appendages on outside of cell
Cilia
259
What maintains the shape of the cell in animal cells?
Cytoskeleton
260
Intertwined strands of bead like proteins
Microfilaments
261
What does MTOC stand for?
Microtubule Organizing Center
262
Myosin, moves along actin filaments
Motor Protein
263
What is the structure of the chloroplasts?
Outer membrane, Inner membrane, Thylakoid, Granum, Stroma
264
What is the function of microfilaments?
They are associated with movements that change the shape of the cell
265
What are the functions of microtubules?
1. Movement of organelles within the cell
2. Cell division; movement of chromosomes
3. Movement of cilia and flagella
266
Long and flexible appendages on outside of cell
Flagella
267
Undeveloped Plastid
Proplastid
268
What is the function of intermediate filaments?
Maintain cell shape and strengthen cell
269
What provides energy in plants and algae to assemble glucose from CO2 and H2O?
ATP
270
Move ions, organic molecules, and polar molecules across membranes
Transport Proteins
271
When dealing with the functions of membrane proteins, what function deals with movement of materials into and out of cells?
Transport
272
What are the 3 important molecule that freely diffuse across membranes?
O2, CO2, and H2O
273
Speed up chemical reactions
Enzymes
274
Allows cells and organelles to be flexible
Fluidity
275
What are the 3 layers of the cell wall called?
1. Middle Lamella
2. Primary Cell Wall
3. Secondary Cell Wall
276
What is collagen?
A tough fibrous protein
277
A phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded in the bilayer
Membrane
278
Molecule with hydrophillic and hydrophobic regions
Amphipathic Molecule
279
What is the main component of a cell wall?
Cellulose
280
Gel of carbohydrates and proteins between the cells
Extra Cellular Matrix
281
When dealing with the functions of membrane proteins, what function connects extra cellular matrix and cytoskeleton
Anchoring
282
What is a "fluidity buffer" for membranes? What does it do?
Cholesterol; it decreases the effect of temperature change
283
Protein with a sugar protein
Glycoprotein
284
A cell covering of polysaccharide chains extending form proteins and lipids in plasma membrane
Glycocalyx
285
What are the 2 major categories for membrane proteins?
Integral and Peripheral
286
What is the main component of Extra Cellular Matrix?
Collagen
287
End product of a metabolic pathway attaches to an enzyme and blocks the pathway
Feedback Inhibition
288
Type of inhibition that acts as a regulator
Reversible Inhibiton
289
Molecule that bonds to enzyme and blocks enzymes activities
Inhibitor
290
An organic cofactor
Coenzyme
291
An orderly series of reactions
Metabolic Pathway
292
Endergonic reactions are physically linked to an exergonic reaction because of this reaction
Coupled Reaction
293
The only compound that can directly provide energy to do cellular work
ATP
294
Energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be converted from one form to another and it can be transferred
1st Law of Thermodynamics
295
This type of reaction is a building up process
Anabolic Reaction
296
Energy releasing reaction
Exergonic Reaction
297
Stored energy
Potential Energy
298
What is the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics?
One usable form of energy cannot be completely converted to another usable form; with every energy transfer some energy is converted to heat; therefore all energy transfers are inefficient
299
Nonusable energy
Heat
300
A measure of disorder and disorganization
Entropy
301
Energy associated with motion
Kinetic Energy
302
Sum of all the chemical activities in an organism
Metabolism
303
One usable form of energy cannot be completely converted to another usable form; with every energy transfer some energy is converted to heat; therefore all energy transfers are inefficient
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
304
This type of reaction is a breaking down process
Catabolic Reaction
305
Total potential energy
Enthalpy
306
Nonprotein component required by some enzymes
Cofactor
307
Site on enzyme other than the active site that can affect the functioning of the enzyme
Allosteric site
308
Energy requiring reaction
Endergonic Reaction
309
What can lower the amount of Energy of Activation?
Enzymes
310
The transfer of a phosphate from one compound to another
Phosphorylation
311
What is the ratio of ATP and ADP in cells?
10:1
312
Region on enzyme where substrate attaches
Active Site
313
Inhibitor attaches to allosteric site
Noncompetitive Inhibition
314
What are the 2 forms of energy?
Potential and Kinetic
315
What occupies space and has mass?
Matter
316
Inhibitor competes with substrate for active site
Competitive Inhibition
317
Usable energy
Free Energy
318
Reactant acted on by an enzyme
Substrate
319
What is the 1st Law of Thermodynamics?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be converted from one form to another and it can be transferred.
