SEMESTER ONE FINAL Flashcards
(78 cards)
1
Q
What most contributed to Europeans’ susceptibility to the Black Death in the 14th
& 15th C.?
a. Outbreaks of smallpox occurring at the same time
b. superstition and fear
c. preceding decades of famine and malnutrition
d. dependence on herbal remedies
e. mostly people living in the countryside
A
c. preceding decades of famine and malnutrition
2
Q
- ___ The results of the Hundred Years’ War included all of the following except
a. losses in the number of knights, which led to a decline in the number of local
magistrates and an increase in disorder
b. a significant decline in English wool exports
c. the House of Commons in England won the right to approve all royal taxes
d. France established a powerful single national assembly from its many
provincial assemblies
e. nationalistic feelings rose in Britain and France
A
d. France established a powerful single national assembly from its many
3
Q
- ___ Which group in the continent did NOT benefit economically from the Black
Death?
a. Men seeking admission to guilds
b. rich farmers who could buy out their poorer neighbors
c. speculators
d. aristocratic landowners dependent on rents
e. wage earners
A
d. aristocratic landowners dependent on rents
4
Q
- ___ The impact of the Hundred Years’ War on representative assemblies was that
a. both French and English assemblies were strengthened
b. neither French not English assemblies were strengthened
c. the French but not the English assembly was strengthened
d. the English but not the French assembly was strengthened
e. representative assemblies everywhere in Europe were getting stronger, so
that the Hundred Years’ War’s impact was relatively small
A
d. the English but not the French assembly was strengthened
5
Q
- ___ The Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism both demonstrate the
a. vulnerability of the papacy to increasingly powerful monarchies
b. spread of heretical ideas
c. growth of lay piety
d. success of the conciliar movement
e. influence of the Roman elites on the selection of the popes
A
a. vulnerability of the papacy to increasingly powerful monarchies
6
Q
- ___ Jan Hus, Dante ALighieri, and Geoffrey Chaucer were all
a. religious reformers
b. advocates for the Catholic Church
c. well-known poets
d. residents of England
e. forgers of national identity
A
c. well-known poets
7
Q
- ___ The Renaissance was able to begin in Italy primarily because of
a. Italy’s culturally sophisticated monasteries
b. the dominance of the Catholic Church in Italy
c. strong alliances between Italian city-states
d. wealth created from Italy’s extensive trade network
e. Italy’s strong sense of nationalism
A
d. wealth created from Italy’s extensive trade network
8
Q
- ___ An educated woman during the Renaissance
a. was expected to bring honor and order to her husband and household
b. was allowed to teach a limited number of courses at local universities
c. was no better educated than an educated woman from the medieval era
d. had to publish any writings under the name of a man
e. could run for political office in the smaller republics
A
a. was expected to bring honor and order to her husband and household
9
Q
- ___ John Wyclif’s and Marsiglio of Padua’s criticisms of the church
a. were similar in that both advocated that the authority of the church should lie
in church councils
b. differed in that Marsiglio focused on theological issues while Wycliffe focused
on church abuses
c. led to both men’s excommunication
d. had little immediate impact
e. differed in that Marsiglio focused on political and administrative issues while
Wycliffe focused on theological issues.
A
e. differed in that Marsiglio focused on political and administrative issues while
Wycliffe focused on theological issues.
10
Q
- ___ In the typical northern Italian commune during the Renaissance
a. people owned property in common
b. the entire male adult population had the franchise; women did not
c. nobles ruled as princes
d. the ruling families had similar interests and rarely fought each other
e. merchant oligarchies held power
A
e. merchant oligarchies held power
11
Q
- ___ Renaissance humanists were different from their medieval counterparts in that
a. medieval humanists did not read the classics
b. Renaissance humanists did not read Christian texts from antiquity
c. Renaissance humanists exalted the dignity of man, while medieval humanists exalted the dignity of God
d. Renaissance humanists rejected Christianity in favor of paganism, while medieval humanists rejected paganism in favor of Christianity
e. Renaissance humanists rarely wrote about political matters, while medieval humanists were focused on political issues.
A
c. Renaissance humanists exalted the dignity of man, while medieval humanists exalted the dignity of God
12
Q
- ___ Which would be least likely to be studied in a humanist school?
a. history
b. philosophy
c. grammar
d. rhetoric
e. theology
A
e. theology
13
Q
- ___ Which Renaissance text best exemplifies the Renaissance ideal of the
multitalented, well-trained individual?
a. Castiglione’s The Courtier
b. More’s Utopia
c. Machiavelli’s The Prince
d. Erasmus’s In Praise of Folly
e. Boaccaccio’s Decameron
A
a. Castiglione’s The Courtier
14
Q
- ___ Machiavelli differed from medieval political theorists in that he wrote about
a. the morality of the prince
b. the importance of a prince to win over the masses
c. how political life operates, not how it should be
d. the importance of the prince to come to terms with the church
e. how the prince ought to engage in immoral behavior
A
c. how political life operates, not how it should be
15
Q
- ___The Christian humanism of Erasmus led him to
a. reject the idea that the Bible should be translated into the vernacular
b. translate a new edition of the Greek New Testament
c. call for strict adherence to the rules of the church
d. reject the Catholic Church wholeheartedly
e. insist that the Latin Bible was the only legitimate one
A
b. translate a new edition of the Greek New Testament
16
Q
- ___ Northern Renaissance art differed from its Italian counterpart in that
a. it was less religious
b. it was mostly landscape paintings
c. it was less detailed
d. it was more religious
e. its paintings rarely used perspective
A
d. it was more religious
17
Q
- ___ Blacks in Renaissance Europe
a. were extremely rare
b. were used for both slave and wage labor
c. had been imported into Portugal from Africa but were isolated there
d. were employed exclusively as entertainers
e. were vilified since black was always seen as a negative color
A
b. were used for both slave and wage labor
18
Q
- ___ Women artists during the Renaissance
a. are known to have painted works, but their names are unknown
b. generally had fathers who were painters or patrons
c. were active in the visual arts but harshly opposed humanism
d. were most known for their frescoes
e. generally were married and began to pain after their children were grown
A
b. generally had fathers who were painters or patrons
19
Q
13. \_\_\_ Which idea was least expressed or promoted by the Italian Renaissance
humanists?
a. individualism
b. nationalism
c. humanism
d. secularism
e. aestheticism
A
b. nationalism
20
Q
- ___ Until the beginning of the 16th C., criticism of the Catholic Church was focused
primarily on
a. relics and transubstantiation
b. the church’s refusal to allow priests to marry
c. immorality and ignorance among the clergy
d. overly spiritual bishops who devoted themselves to religious studies
e. the refusal of the church to allow divorce
A
c. immorality and ignorance among the clergy
21
Q
- ___ The impact of the Protestant Reformation included all of the following except
a. his serious doubts about Catholic theology
b. his concerns about succession
c. his desire to protect Protestants in England
d. the influence of his first wife
e. his political conflicts with Spain
A
reform practices within the church
22
Q
- ___ Which of the following statements could be made by a Protestant but not by a
Catholic?
a. Salvation comes through faith alone
b. Indulgences demonstrate one’s sincerity of repentance.
c. Only clergy should interpret Scriptures.
d. There are seven sacraments.
e. In the process of transubstantiation, the bread and wine become the actual
boy and blood of Christ.
A
a. Salvation comes through faith alone
23
Q
- ___ Which of the following was NOT an outcome of the Catholic Reformation?
a. The establishment of new religious orders
b. modification of the doctrine of penance
c. greater clerical discipline
d. a strong Roman Inquisition to destroy heresy
e. spiritual renewal within the church
A
b. modification of the doctrine of penance
24
Q
- ___ “I cannot and will not recant anything for it is neither safe nor right to go against
conscience. God help me.” Which critic of the Catholic Church made the
statement?
a. Jan Jus
b. John Wycliffe
c. Erasmus of Rotterdam
d. Martin Luther
e. John Calvin
A
d. Martin Luther
25
6. ___ Elizabeth I resolved the religious issue in the 16th C. England by
a. eliminating all Catholic elements in the Church of England
b. requiring all subjects to attend church but not caring what they believed
c. returning England to its Catholic roots
d. converting to Catholicism for the sake of peace in her country
e. remaining Protestant but marrying a Catholic
attend church no taxes to pay. e.
26
7. ___ Calvin’s followers
a. were held to a high standard of morality
b. believed that baptism should be granted only to adults
c. objected to English Puritans
d. were granted freedom of religion with the Peace of Augsburg
e. were most known for their missionary work
a. were held to a high standard of morality
27
8. ___ The Peace of Augsburg
a. was a victory for Charles V
b. gave rulers of member states of the Holy Roman Empire the right to choose
whichever religion they wanted
c. gave rulers of member states of the Holy Roman Empire the right to choose
Catholicism or Lutheranism as their state religion
d. gave religious toleration to Lutherans but not to Anabaptists
e. led to a new war over religion within a decade
c. gave rulers of member states of the Holy Roman Empire the right to choose
28
9. ___ Henry VIII broke from the Catholic Church because of
a. his serious doubts about Catholic theology
b. his concerns about succession
c. his desire to protect Protestants in England
d. the influence of his first wife
e. his political conflicts with Spain
d. the influence of his first wife
29
1. ___ The importance of massive amounts of gold and silver into Spain ultimately
damaged Spain by
a. creating a huge crime wave
b. personally corrupting monarchs such as Philip Ii
c. fostering an inflation, which increased the royal debt
d. allowing Spain to engage in war after war
e. dividing Spain from Portugal
c. fostering an inflation, which increased the royal debt
30
2. ___ The initial leader in Europe’s exploration of the world during the 15th C. was
a. France
b. England
c. Spain
d. Portugal
e. The Netherlands
d. Portugal
31
3.___ Which of the following was NOT a motive for European exploration during the
15th & 16th C.?
a. Widespread desire for greater economic opportunities
b. Curiosity during the Renaissance about the physical world and its peoples
c. Italians hoping to find land for emigrants from their overpopulated states
could settle
d. An increased desire for spices and luxury goods
e. A fervent desire to spread Christianity to other lands
c. Italians hoping to find land for emigrants from their overpopulated states
32
4. ___ Blacks in Renaissance Europe
a. were extremely rare
b. were used for both slave and wage labor
c. had been imported into Portugal from Africa but were isolated there
d. were employed exclusively as entertainers
e. were vilified since black was always seen as a negative color
b. were used for both slave and wage labor
33
5. ___ How did technology and better scientific information fuel the explorations?
a. Ptolemy’s Geography gave a reasonably accurate estimate of the distance
from Europe to Asia.
b. The recent European invention of the astrolabe made sea navigation
possible
c. Caravels with lateen sails were more maneuverable and could carry more
than previous ships.
d. The magnetic compass allowed sailors to calculate their longitude.
e. Cannons proved useful in almost every climate and condition.
c. Caravels with lateen sails were more maneuverable and could carry more
34
6. ___ Which is NOT true about Columbus’s voyages of exploration?
a. His decision not to sail north to look for the Great Khan was based on his
interest in finding gold.
b. He believed the Indians would convert easily to Christianity
c. He established permanent control as the governor of Hispaniola
d. He traveled with letters to the Great Khan from Ferdinand and Isabella.
e. He enslaved the Indians under his control
c. He established permanent control as the governor of Hispaniola
35
7. ___ Which did NOT travel from the Old World to the New?
a. horses
b. pigs
c. wheat
d. corn
e. dogs
d. corn
36
8. ___ The importance of sugar for the world economy was its
a. impact on agriculture in Spain
b. transformation of the economy of Mexico
c. role in encouraging the African slave trade
d. role in the increase in the demand for silver
e. usefulness in direct exchange for Chinese silks
c. role in encouraging the African slave trade
37
1. ___ The importance of massive amounts of gold and silver into Spain ultimately
damaged Spain by
a. creating a huge crime wave
b. personally corrupting monarchs such as Philip Ii
c. fostering an inflation, which increased the royal debt
d. allowing Spain to engage in war after war
e. dividing Spain from Portugal
c. fostering an inflation, which increased the royal debt
38
2. ___ In which region were there no significant popular revolts in the 17th C.?
a. France
b. Spain
c. Holland
d. England
e. The Italian states
c. Holland
39
3. ___ Spain’s economic troubles in the 17th & 18th C came about primarily when
a. it lost Gibraltar
b. the colonies in the New World revolted
c. it lost control of the slave trade to the French
d. the Dutch began to raid Spain’s northern coasts
e. the gold and silver mines in the Americas began to run dry
e. the gold and silver mines in the Americas began to run dry
40
4. ___ The response of the Spanish kings to their economic difficulties in the 17th C.
was
a. generally passive and uninspired
b. to reorganize the administrative structure of Spain
c. to adopt mercantilist policies similar to France
d. to insist on paying their debts, thus adding to their financial problems
e. energetic and forward thinking, although ultimately unsuccessful
a. generally passive and uninspired
41
5. ___ Not a supporter of the divine right of kings, Thomas Hobbes advocated strong governments, basing his views on
a. man’s selfish and aggressive nature.
b. Machiavellian ideas about the need for a prince to unify the nation
c. More’s ideal community in which the government carefulyl supervised the
population
d. a non-Christian idea of divine right
e. the analogy of the brain’s role in the body
a. man’s selfish and aggressive nature.
42
6. ___ Two great Baroque master, Peter Paul Reubens & Johann Sebastian Bach,
show that the Baroque style was
a. popular exclusively in Catholic countries
b. popular exclusively in protestant countries
c. popular with absolute monarchs
d. popular in the constitutional states like England and France
e. a Europe-wide phenomenon
e. a Europe-wide phenomenon
43
7. ___ Armies changed in the 17th C. in all of the following ways except that
a. they became larger
b. they became more professional
c. most soldiers were mercenaries, as few countries had standing armies
d. the death toll was high, particularly for officers
e. they became more expensive for kings to pay for
c. most soldiers were mercenaries, as few countries had standing armies
44
8. ___ A comparison of serfdom in western Europe and eastern Europe would best be
summarized as
a. in both regions, serfdom disappeared by 1500
b. in both regions, serfdom remained in 1500
c. in eastern, but not in western Europe, serfdom was reinstated after 1500
d. in western, but not in eastern Europe, serfdom was reinstated after 1500
e. in both, serfdom had disappeared by 13-- but was reinstated after 1500
c. in eastern, but not in western Europe, serfdom was reinstated after 1500
45
9. ___ Which was not a reform Peter the Great enacted to change society?
a. allowing daughters to inherit lands along with their brothers
b. establishing schools and universities
c. Insisting that social events of the nobles include both men and women
d. requiring nobles to become educated
e. bringing in Western ideas about cloths and beards
a. allowing daughters to inherit lands along with their brothers
46
10. ___ Louis XIV would best be described as
a. the founder of French cultural preeminence
b. a politique
c. the main victor in the 30 Years’ War
d. a leader who accomplished a lot during his short reign
e. a monarch who made peace with the Protestants in his country
b. a politique
47
11. ___ Oliver Cromwell’s Protectorate can best be describe as a(an)
a. Puritan democracy
b. military dictatorship
c. constitutional monarchy
d. absolute monarchy
e. Catholic commonwealth
b. military dictatorship
48
12___ Adam Smith
a. was critical of mercantilism
b. wrote a rationale for having a command economy
c. argued that workers should be paid the lowest possible wage to increase
profits
d. hoped to combine government and business
e. advocated social welfare practices
b. wrote a rationale for having a command economy
49
1. ___ Before the scientific revolution, people seeking scientific information generally
found it in
a. the Bible
b. statements issued by the church
c. the writings of Aristotle and Ptolemy
d. the writings of Marsiglio of Padua
e. Chinese texts
c. the writings of Aristotle and Ptolemy
50
2. ___ Johannes Kepler’s relationship to the Copernican thesis was to
a. prove it by using the telescope
b. reject it, as had his mentor Tycho Brahe
c. challenge it because it did not include the harmony of the spheres
d. provide mathematical proof for it
e. denounce Galileo’s support of it
d. provide mathematical proof for it
51
3. ___ Cartesian dualism can best described as the division between
a. truth and untruth
b. science and humanities
c. mind and matter
d. right and wrong
e. the heavens and the earth
c. mind and matter
52
4. ___ Which was not a cause of the scientific revolution?
a. the recovery of ancient mathematical texts during the Renaissance
b. the search of the physical location of the soul within the body
c. the patronage of princes and kings
d. new technology
e. the establishment of new professorships in physics and mathematics at
universities
b. the search of the physical location of the soul within the body
53
5. ___ The chief difference between the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment is
a. the gender of the scientists, all male, and the philosophes, many female
b. the country in which each began
c. the focus on rational inquiry
d. the religious of the scientists and philosophes
e. the attitude of the church
c. the focus on rational inquiry
54
6. ___ John Locke’s concept of the tabula rasa was taken in the 18th C. to mean that
a. knowledge comes from perception
b. public education ought to e established for all children
c. enlightened monarchy was the best form of government
d. rebellion was a natural right
e. parents could have little influence over their children
a. knowledge comes from perception
55
7. ___ Madame du Chatelet’s importance in the Enlightenment was due to her role as
a. an important salon hostess
b. a correspondent of Catherine the Great
c. mistress of Voltaire
d. adviser to Peter the Great
e. translator of Newton’s Principia
e. translator of Newton’s Principia
56
8. ___ Catherine the Great’s effort at reforms came to a virtual end when
a. the nobles of Russia resisted
b. Voltaire publicly criticized her, thus humiliating her
c. the peasants rose in the Pugachev revolt
d. Prussia declared war on Russia
e. she was assassinated by a former lover
c. the peasants rose in the Pugachev revolt
57
9. ___ Denis Diderot’s Encyclopedia
a. was published in its entirety in France
b. democratized knowledge
c. was read by only a small number of people because it was so expensive
d. had little technical information
e. was published in part with funds from Frederick the Great
b. democratized knowledge
58
10. ___ The term reading revolution refers to the
a. nearly universal literacy in the 18th C.
b. new literacy of women
c. way reading became private and silent
d. great expansion in the number and variety of newspaper during the
Enlightenment
e. the public reading of the texts of the philosophes
c. way reading became private and silent
59
11. ___ The works of Enlightenment philosophes
a. appealed to peasants and the urban poor as well as to intellectuals
b. criticized the scientific method as too mechanical
c. were profoundly secular
d. aimed to reform the church
e. were known mostly in the universities of France
c. were profoundly secular
60
12. ___ The 16th C. idea that sparked the Scientific Revolution was the
a. geocentric model of the universe
b. theory of relativity
c. heliocentric model of the universe
d. law of universal gravitation
e. idea that deductive reasoning is more scientific than empiricism
c. heliocentric model of the universe
61
1. ___ The term industrious revolution refers to
a. the industrial revolution in the countryside rather than in the cities
b. the shift from laboring to produce goods for household consumption to
laboring to earn wages
c. men working harder to support their households so that wives and children
did not work
d. the use of new tools in agricultural work
e. the cottage industry in southern and southeastern Europe
b. the shift from laboring to produce goods for household consumption to
62
```
2. ___ The theory of economic liberalism, or laissez-faire capitalism, is concerned
mostly with the needs of
a. manufacturers
b. governments
c. merchants
d. consumers
e. landlords
```
d. consumers
63
3. ___ The navigation Acts helped Britain to become a great naval power by
a. requiring that foreign goods brought into Britain on British ships
b. requiring that all slaves going to the Americas be transported on British ships
c. creating Europe’s first naval academy for the training of officers
d. requiring the use of sailors from the American colonies
e. arming British ships with the newest military technology
b. requiring that all slaves going to the Americas be transported on British ships
64
4. ___ Which was not an advantage of the cottage, or putting-out system?
a. It allowed merchant capitalism to evade guild regulations.
b. It allowed households to increase their incomes.
c. It gave women greater say in household decisions.
d. Women began to earn almost the same as men.
e. It kept the family together as an economic unit
d. Women began to earn almost the same as men.
65
5. ___ The single most important component of the agricultural revolution was the
a. progressive elimination of the fallow
b. animal breeding
c. use of the potato
d. use of root crops
e. enclosure movement
a. progressive elimination of the fallow
66
6. ___ The chief reason for the rise in population in the 18th C was the
a. rise in birth rates
b. rise in illegitimacy
c. decline in death rates
d. improvements in medicine
e. widespread use of the smallpox vaccine
c. decline in death rates
67
7. ___ The enclosure movement contributed to the agricultural revolution because
a. the peasants supported it
b. it consolidated land
c. it allowed the government to control more land
d. it preserved the monasteries
e. it led to the end of tariffs
b. it consolidated land
68
8. ___ Until the late 18th C., women
a. married late and immediately began bearing children
b. married early but waited to begin bearing children
c. married when the family could provide a sufficient dowry
d. lived with their extended families, even after marriage
e. were encouraged to date before settling into an arranged marriage
a. married late and immediately began bearing children
69
9. ___ Adam Smith
a. was critical of mercantilism
b. wrote a rationale for having a command economy
c. argued that workers should be paid the lowest possible wage to increase
profits
d. hoped to combine government and business
e. advocated social welfare practices.
a. was critical of mercantilism
70
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1. ___ The most remarkable dietary change in the 18th C. was the dramatic increase
in the consumption of
a. meat
b. dairy products
c. tea and sugar
d. beer
e. semitropical fruits
```
c. tea and sugar
71
2. ___ The Atlantic slave trade
a. reached its height in the 1750s before the American Revolution
b. brought more slaves to Brazil than any other single country
c. was supported by freed slaves like Olaudah Equiano who became slave
owners themselves
d. was not formally opposed in Europe until the U.S. Civil War
e. brought more slaves to the American colonies than to the Caribbean
b. brought more slaves to Brazil than any other single country
72
3. ___ Until the late 18th C., women
a. married late and immediately began bearing children
b. married early but waited to begin bearing children
c. married when the family could provide a sufficient dowry
d. lived with their extended families, even after marriage
e. were encouraged to date before settling into an arranged marriage
a. married late and immediately began bearing children
73
4. ___ During the 18th C., attitudes towards children softened as a result of
a. government policies
b. child-rearing manuals
c. the evolution of psychology
d. the Enlightenment
e. medical improvements
d. the Enlightenment
74
5. ___ All of the following factors played a part in starting the French Revolution except
a. religious struggles between Catholics and Huguenots
b. the success of the American Revolution
c. the rising debts of the French government
d. power struggles between the monarchy and the bourgeoisie
e. poor harvests and high bread prices.
a. religious struggles between Catholics and Huguenots
75
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1. ___ Place the following events of the French Revolution in the correct
chronological order
I. The storming of the Bastille
II. The Tennis Court Oath
III. The first meeting of the Estates General
IV. The Reign of Terror
V. The execution of Louis XVI
a. I, II, III, IV, and V
b. III, II, I, V, and IV
c. II, III, I, IV, and V
d. IIII, I, Ii, IV, and V
e. I, IV, V, II, and III
```
```
III. The first meeting of the Estates General
II. The Tennis Court Oath
I. The storming of the Bastille
V. The execution of Louis XVI
IV. The Reign of Terror
```
b. III, II, I, V, and IV
76
2. ___ Women were involved in the French Revolution in all of the following ways
except
a. marching on Versailles to accost the king and queen
b. organizing political clubs advocating political rights for women
c. as sans-culottes
d. sewing tents and clothes for the war
e. as delegates of the Third Estate in the National Assembly
e. as delegates of the Third Estate in the National Assembly
77
3. ___ The chief problem facing the French monarchy before 1789 was
a. constant, nearly yearly, peasant revolts
b. near bankruptcy
c. the refusal of the Estates General to pass tax reform
d. the lack of an heir
e. hostile relations with the church
b. near bankruptcy
78
```
4. ___ Choose the correct chronological order for the following events
I. American Revolution
II. France becomes a republic
III. France becomes a constitutional monarchy
IV. Haitian independence
V. Napoleon becomes first counsel
a. I, III, II IV, and V
b. I, III,II, V, and IV
c. III, I, II, IV, and V
d. I, II, III, IV, and V
e. I, III, V, II, and IV
```
b. I, III,II, V, and IV
