SEMI SOLID Flashcards by CHESKA CIANNELLE FRANCISCO

Semi-solid preparations intended for external application to the skin or mucous membranes.
Applied to the skin with or without inuctions (rubbing)
greasy base; often anhydrous bases
immiscible with skin secretions

OINTMENT

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OINTMENT is also called as

SALVE, CHRISMA or UNGUENTUM

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TYPES OF OINTMENT

treatment of cutaneous infection

medicated

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TYPES OF OINTMENT

bases

non medicated

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mixture of waxes (solid and hard at room temperature),
fats (semi-solid, soft at room temperature)
oils (liquid at room temperature)

OINTMENT BASES

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“oily”
Emollient effect and effective as occlusive dressings.
Remain on the skin for long periods without drying out and difficult to wash off
highly occlusive due to immiscibility with water (due to oily nature)
for moisturization of dry skin
Examples: Petrolatum, White Petrolatum, Yellow Ointment, White Ointment

HYDROCARBON BASES

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HYDROCARBON BASES

When powdered substances are to be incorporated into hydrocarbon bases, ____ may be used as levigating agent

LIQUID PETROLATUM (MINERAL OIL)

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HYDROCARBON BASES

When powdered substances are to be incorporated into hydrocarbon bases, liquid petrolatum (mineral oil) may be used as ____

LEVIGATING AGENT

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May be used as emollients, although they do not provide the degree of occlusion afforded by the oleaginous bases.
Not easily removed from the skin with water washing, because the external phase of the emulsion is oleaginous.
Useful as pharmaceutical adjuncts
oleaginous base but absorb small amounts of water
moderate to high occlusiveness
Permit the incorporation of aqueous solutions resulting in the formation of water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion
Examples: Hydrophilic Petrolatum, Anhydrous Lanolin

ABSORPTION BASES

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Known as “water-washable bases”
Removed easily from skin or clothing.
May be diluted with water or aqueous solutions and can absorb serous discharges
non-greasy
forms O/W emulsions
low to moderate osslusiveness
Example: Hydrophilic Ointment

WATER-REMOVABLE BASES

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Also known as “greaseless bases”
It doesn’t contain oleaginous components
complete absence of oil; complete water solubility
water-soluble constituents
non-greasy
moisture retention is not priority
minimal occlusiveness
Example: Polyethylene Glycol Ointment

WATER SOLUBLE BASES

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Methods of Preparation

With the aid of heat
heat-labile (sensitive)
Components are combined by melting together and cooled with constant stirring until congealed.
The material with the highest melting point are heated to the lowest required temperature to produce a melt.
Additional materials are added with constant stirring during cooling of the melt until the mixture is congealed.
Do not accelerate the cooling process by putting the melt in water or ice. This will change the consistency of the final product making it more stiff than desired.

Ex. Zinc ointment, Coal Tar Ointment, Anthralin Ointment

FUSION

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bases used at fusion method liquefies at what temperature

70%

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METHODS OF PREPARATION

Without the aid of heat
The components are mixed until a uniform preparation is attained.
For Soluble solids: Soluble solids should be added to the molten fatty bases at the lowest possible temperature and the mixture stirred until cold. Alternatively, if using a pre-prepared base, soluble solids may be incorporated using the method employed for insoluble solids.
For Insoluble solids: Insoluble solids should be incorporated using an ointment tile and spatula. If there is more than one powder to be added these should be mixed in a mortar using the ‘doubling-up’ method

MECHANICAL INCORPORATION

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MECHANICAL INCORPORATION

____ solids should be added to the** molten fatty bases** at the lowest possible temperature and the mixture stirred until cold.

SOLID

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MECHANICAL INCORPORATION

Soluble solids should be added to the ____ at the lowest possible temperature and the mixture stirred until cold.

MOLTEN FATTY BASES

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MECHANICAL INCORPORATION

Soluble solids should be added to the molten fatty bases at the ____ possible temperature and the mixture stirred until cold.

LOWEST

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MECHANICAL INCORPORATION

if using a ____ base, soluble solids may be incorporated using the method employed for insoluble solids

PRE-PREPARED BASE

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MECHANICAL INCORPORATION

if using a pre-prepared base, soluble solids may be incorporated using the method employed for ____

INSOLUBLE SOLIDS

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MECHANICAL INCORPORATION

____ solids should be incorporated using an ointment tile and spatula

INSOLUBLE

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MECHANICAL INCORPORATION

Insoluble solids should be incorporated using an ____ and ____

OINTMENT TILE & SPATULA

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MECHANICAL INCORPORATION

If there is ____ powder to be added these should be mixed in a mortar using the ‘doubling-up’ method.

MORE THAN ONE

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MECHANICAL INCORPORATION

If there is more than one powder to be added these should be mixed in a ____ using the ‘doubling-up’ method.

MORTAR

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MECHANICAL INCORPORATION

If there is more than one powder to be added these should be mixed in a mortar using the ____ method.

DOUBLING UP

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* **similar** concept with **geometric dilution** * Add the **ingredient present** in the **lowest bulk** to the mortar * Add the **second** ingredient in approximately the **same amount** that is present in the mortar, therefore **doubling-up the bulk** already in the mortar * Mix **lightly** since **undue pressure** may **cause caking** * The **bottom of the mortar** can be **loosened** by **scraping the sides** of the powder **using** a **large flexible spatula** * At **each** addition, add a quantity that approximately **doubles the bulk** in the mortar

DOUBLE UP

# **WHITEFIELD'S OINTMENT** synonym

**Benzoic acid** and **salicylic acid** ointment

# **WHITEFIELD'S OINTMENT** Latin name

Unguentum acidi benzoico et salicyli

# **WHITEFIELD'S OINTMENT** USE/S

Keratolytic, fungicide

# **WHITEFIELD'S OINTMENT** Method of preparation

mechanical incorporation

# **WHITEFIELD'S OINTMENT** Benzoic acid

ACTIVE INGREDIENT | **FUNGICIDE**

# **WHITEFIELD'S OINTMENT** Salicylic acid

ACTIVE INGREDIENT | **KERATOLYTIC**

# **WHITEFIELD'S OINTMENT** Fungicide can also function as a preservative

Benzoic acid

# **WHITEFIELD'S OINTMENT** Keratolytic

Salicylic acid

increased peeling of dead skin cells

keratolytic

# **WHITEFIELD'S OINTMENT** Wool fat / Anhydrous lanolin

ointment base

**anhydrous lanolin** is also called

wool fat

# **WHITEFIELD'S OINTMENT** White petrolatum

ointment base

# **SIMPLE OINTMENT** synonyms

ointment USP XI

# **SIMPLE OINTMENT** latin name/s

urguentum album urguentum simplex

# **SIMPLE OINTMENT** method of preparation

fusion method

# **SIMPLE OINTMENT** white wax

stiffening agent

# **SIMPLE OINTMENT** petrolatum

ointment base

* Are semisolid preparations containing **one or more medicinal agents dissolved** or **dispersed** in either the** o/w** emulsion or in **another type** of **water-washable base** * Commonly used in **topical skin products** and in products used **rectally** and **vaginally** * **Preferred over ointments** because they are **easier to spread** and **remove**

CREAMS

# **TYPES OF CREAMS** * **External** phase is **water** * **Produced** by **synthetic waxes** * **Macrogol** and **Cetomacrogol** * **Rapid absorption** and **penetration** of drugs. * **Thin**, **white** and **smooth** in consistency.

OIL IN WATER

# **TYPES OF CREAMS** * **Foundation** cream * **hand** cream * **vanishing** cream * **shaving** cream

OIL IN WATER

# **TYPES OF CREAMS** * **External** phase is **oil** * Produced by **emulsifying agent** of natural origin * **Beeswax**, **Wool alcohol**, **Wool fat** * **Good emollient property** * **Creamy**, **white** or **translucent** and rather stiff.

WATER IN OIL

# **TYPES OF CREAMS** * **Cold** cream * **emollient** cream

WATER IN OIL

# **COLD CREAM** synonym

petrolatum rose water ointment

# **COLD CREAM** Latin name

urguentum aquae rosal petrolatum

# **COLD CREAM** method of preparation

fusion

# **COLD CREAM** Use/s

emollient, cleansing cream

# **COLD CREAM** mineral oil

active ingredient emollient

# **COLD CREAM** white wax

stiffening agent

# **COLD CREAM** glycerin

humectant

# **COLD CREAM** sodium borate

emulsifying agent

# **COLD CREAM** purified water

vehicle

# **COLD CREAM** rose oil

scent

* **Ointment-like** preparations which are usually **stiffer**, **less greasy** and **more absorptive** than ointments * **Absorb serous secretions** and are **preferred** for **acute lesions** * **Not suited** for application to **hairy parts** of the body. * should **not** contain **corrosive ingredients** like **dithranol**, **coal tar** or **salicylic acid** * also useful for **absorbing harmful chemicals**, such as the ammonia that is released by bacterial action on urine, and so are often used in **nappy products**. * Also because of their **high powder content**, they are often used to **absorb wound exudates**. * Because these are so **thick**, they can form an **unbroken layer** over the skin which is **opaque** and can **act as a sun filter**. * This makes them suitable for use by **skiers** as they prevent **excessive dehydration** of the skin (wind burn) in addition to sun blocking. * The **principal use** traditionally was as an **antiseptic**, **protective** or **soothing dressing**. * Often before application was applied to **lint** and applied as a **dressing**

PASTES

# **PASTES** Absorb ____ and are **preferred** for **acute lesions**

serous secretions

# **PASTES** Absorb **serous secretions** and are preferred for ____

ACUTE LESIONS

# **PASTES** **Not suited** for application to ____ parts of the body

HAIRY

# **PASTES** are often used in ____ products

NAPPY

# **PASTES** because of their **high powder content**, they are often used to absorb ____

WOUND EXUDATES

# **ZINC OXIDE PASTE** synonym

Lassar's plain zinc paste

# **ZINC OXIDE PASTE** Latin name

pasta zinci oxide

# **ZINC OXIDE PASTE** method of preparation

incorporation

# **ZINC OXIDE PASTE** zinc oxide

active ingredient

# **ZINC OXIDE PASTE** starch

stiffening agent

# **ZINC OXIDE PASTE** white petrolatum

vehicle

* **Prefer** by patient * **less** sticky * **Easy to spread** and **remove** * treating **oozing** or **“wet”** skin conditions. * covering **large areas** of skin.

CREAM

* **best used** on **dry skin**. * '**occlusive**,’ which means they **trap moisture** and are **not well absorbed** into the skin. * keep the skin **moist** for **longer periods** of time. * promote more **complete absorption** of the active ingredient or medication.

OINTMENT

* **Thick** and **stiff** * **Less** greasy * **More** absorptive * Applied with **spatula** * **Protective coating**

PASTE