SOLUTIONS Flashcards
1
Q
- syrup
- honey
- mucilage
- jellies
A
SWEET / VISCID
2
Q
- water
- aromatic water
- aqueous acids
- diluted acids
- solution
- douche
- enemas
- gargle
- mouthwash
- juices
- nasal solutions
- otic solution
A
AQUEOUS
3
Q
- collodion
- elixir
- glycerin/glycerites
- inhalations and inhalants
- liniment
- oleovitamins
- spirit
- toothache drops
A
NON-AQUEOUS
4
Q
- are chemically and physically homogenous mixtures of two or more substances
- Liquid preparations containing one or more chemical substance dissolved in a suitable solvent
- Solute - smaller quantity
- Solvent - larger quantity
A
SOLUTIONS
5
Q
SOLUTIONS
larger quantity
A
solvent
6
Q
SOLUTIONS
smaller quantity
A
solute
7
Q
Advantages of Solutions
drug is immediately available for ____
skips disintegration & dissolution
A
absorption
8
Q
Advantages of Solutions
____ dosing is possible
adjustable volume according to patient
A
flexible
9
Q
Advantages of Solutions
they may be designed for any ____
A
route of administration
10
Q
Advantages of Solutions
facilitates ____ in difficult cases
A
swallowing
11
Q
Disadvantages of Solutions
drug ____ is reduced often by solvolysis, hydrolysis or oxidation
A
stability
12
Q
Disadvantages of Solutions
difficult to ____
A
mask unpleasant tastes
13
Q
Disadvantages of Solutions
____, prone to container ____
A
bulky, breakages
14
Q
Disadvantages of Solutions
____ to measure dose on administration
A
technical accuracy
15
Q
Methods of preparing solutions
A
simple solution
solution by chemical reaction
solution by extraction
16
Q
- is prepared by dissolving the solute in most of the solvent, mixing until dissolved, then adding sufficient volume to bring the solution up to proper volume
- Ex Calcium hydroxide solution
A
SIMPLE SOLUTION
17
Q
Calcium hydroxide solution synonym
A
LIME WATER
18
Q
- antacid
- treats acid burns
- clear saturated solution of Ca(OH)₂
A
Calcium hydroxide solution
lime water
19
Q
- is prepared by reacting two or more solutes with each other in a suitable solvent
- Ex Aluminum subacetate solution, Magnesium citrate solution
A
SOLUTION BY CHEMICAL REACTION
20
Q
- topical antiseptic
- wet dressing
A
ALUMINUM SUBACETATE
21
Q
- laxative
- cathartic
A
Magensium citrate solution
22
Q
- is prepared by extracting the drug with water or with water-containing other substances
- often classified as extractives
- Ex: Liver solution of NFXI
A
SOLUTION BY EXTRACTION
23
Q
STRONG IODINE SOLUTION
synonyms
A
Lugol’s solution
Compound iodine solution
Aqueous solution of iodine
Ptassium triiodide solution
24
Q
STRONG IODINE SOLUTION
Latin name/s
A
Liquor iodi fortis
Solutio iodi aquosa
25
# **STRONG IODINE SOLUTION**
Use/s
treatment of overactive **thyroid** condition
antiseptic
26
# **STRONG IODINE SOLUTION**
method of preparation
simple solution
27
# **STRONG IODINE SOLUTION**
iodine
active ingredient
28
# **STRONG IODINE SOLUTION**
potassium iodide
solubilizing agent
29
iodine + potassium iodide
potassium triiodide
30
# **STRONG IODINE SOLUTION**
**iodine** is ____ in water, with **one gram dissolving in 2950mL**
slightly soluble
31
# **STRONG IODINE SOLUTION**
purified water
vehicle
32
**Easily stains** surface and clothes
iodine crystals
33
drops for iodine deficiency
2 - 6 drops
(0.1 - 0.3 mL)
34
# **STRONG IODINE SOLUTION**
auxillary label
for external use only
35
# **70% ethyl alcohol**
synonyms
70% ethanol
rubbing alcohol
36
# **70% ethyl alcohol**
Latin name
spiritus vini rectificatus
37
# **70% ethyl alcohol**
USE/S:
**externally**
rubefacient
38
# **70% ethyl alcohol**
USE/S:
for **bedridden** patients
soothing rub
39
# **70% ethyl alcohol**
USE/S:
for **instruments**
germicide
40
# **70% ethyl alcohol**
USE/S:
prior to **injection**
skin cleanser and antiseptic
41
# **70% ethyl alcohol**
USE/S:
for **topical** preparations
vehicle
42
# **70% ethyl alcohol**
method of preparation
simple solution
43
# **70% ethyl alcohol**
95% Ethanol (alcohol USP)
active ingredient
44
# **70% ethyl alcohol**
purified water
solvent
45
# **70% ethyl alcohol**
sotrage condition
tight container
remote from fire
46
# **70% ethyl alcohol**
auxillary label
for external use only
47
# **70% ethyl alcohol**
description
volatile & flammable
48
# **CONCENTRATION**
**dehydrated** alcohol
(**absolute** alcohol)
99.5%
49
# **CONCENTRATION**
**diluted** alcohol
49%
50
# **CONCENTRATION**
**Rubbing** alcohol
**70% ethyl alcohol**
70%
51
* **Water free** alcohol
* Used for **injection**
* Severe and chronic pain-**nerve pain**
* Treatment of **methanol poisoning**
Dehydrated alcohol
(aboslute alcohol)
52
* **Equal volume** of alcohol and water
* **Hydroalcoholic solvent** in different pharmaceutical process and preparation
Diluted alcohol
53
* **Soothing rub** for **bed ridden** patient
* **Germicidal** for **instruments**
* **Skin cleanser** prior to **injection**
Rubbing alcohol
70% ethyl alcohol
54
Alcohol Dilution Computation
| **FORMULA**
C1V1=C2V2
55
**Colorless** to **slightly yellow** clear, effervescent liquid having a **sweet acidulous** taste and a **lemon flavor**
MAGNESIUM CITRATE SOLUTION
56
# **Magnesium Citrate solution**
synonym
citrate of magnesia
57
# **Magnesium Citrate solution**
latin name
liquor magnesii citratis
58
# **Magnesium Citrate solution**
Use/s
saline cathartic
59
# **Magnesium Citrate solution**
Magnesium carbonate
active ingredient
60
# **Magnesium Citrate solution**
citric acid
acidifying agent
improves stability
61
# **Magnesium Citrate solution**
**alternative** for potassium bicarbonte
sodium bicarbonate
62
# **Magnesium Citrate solution**
lemon oil
flavorant
63
# **Magnesium Citrate solution**
potassium bicarbonate
alkalinizing agent
cabronating agent
64
Magnesium citrate **functions best** on an
empty stomach
65
# **Magnesium Citrate solution**
talc
clarifying agent
66
**Improvement of taste** for Magnesium citrate
Chill ahead of time
drink at least 2 to 3 eight ounces of clear liquids
67
# **Magnesium Citrate solution**
syrup
sweetening agent
68
# **Magnesium Citrate solution**
purified water
solvent
69
# **Magnesium Citrate solution**
method of preparation
solution by chemical reaction
70
* **required amount** of magnesium citrate in 100mL solution
* provides an **excellent medium** for the **growth of molds**
* to **remain stable**
* it should **be heated to boiling** prior to **carbonation**
1.55g-1.9g
71
**Magnesium citrate** works by **attracting water** through the tissues by a process known as
osmosis
72
* “**Medicated Water**”
* clear, **saturated** aqueous solutions of **volatile oils** or other **aromatic** or volatile substances.
AROMATIC WATERS
73
**Components** of aromatic waters
Volatile/aromatic substances
Water
Talc
74
# **AROMATIC WATERS**
active
volatile/aromatic substances
75
# **AROMATIC WATERS**
clarifying / distributing agent
talc
76
* Their **odors** and **tastes** are the **same** as those of the drugs or volatile substances **from which they are prepared**
* They should be **free from empyreumatic** [**smoke-like**] and **other foreign odor**
AROMATIC WATERS
77
# **AROMATIC WATERS**
vehicle/solvent
water
78
# **METHODS OF PREPARATION**
* is the **most frequently employed**, **easiest** and **fastest** method
* volatile oil is incorporated with **talc** and dissolves in water. **Slurry mixture** is agitated several times for **10 minutes then filter**. . Add sufficient amount of purified water through the filter to make the product measure 1000 ml
* Ex. **Cinnamon Water**
ALTERNATE METHOD / SOLUTION BY INTERVENTION
79
# **METHODS OF PREPARATION**
Example **soluble Rose fluid**
USE OF SOLUBLE CONCENTRATES
80
# **INCOMPATIBILITIES**
The **aromatic substances** may be ____ when the **water is used as a vehicle** for drugs which are **electrolytes**. The insoluble materials may collect on the top of the liquid, imparting a **burning taste** to the first dose.
SALTED OUT
81
# **METHOD OF PREPARATION**
The **concentrated waters contain 20 ml of volatile oil per liter** of solution and sufficient alcohol to produce ethanol content of **51 to 55% v/v**. From this, aromatic water can be prepared by diluting the solution with **39 times** its own volume of water. Aromatic waters prepared by these methods are **slightly inferior** than those made by the official processes.
Use of aqueous alcoholic solutions of volatile oil
82
# **AROMATIC WATERS**
USES
flavored vehicle
perfumed vehicle
83
# **METHODS OF PREPARATION**
* **Slowest** & **most expensive**
* Place the **odoriferous substance** (perfuming agents) in a suitable container in a **sufficient amount of purified water** as solvent
* **strong rose water**
DISTILLATION
84
# **METHODS OF PREPARATION**
* The volatile substance is **agitated** in purified water and **set aside for 12 hours** and **filter** (to permit excess oil and solid substances to settle
* Ex. **Camphor Water**
DIRECT SOLUTION / SIMPLE SOLUTION
85
# **METHODS OF PREPARATION**
Example: Polysorbate 80 or Tween 20
incorporation of solubilizing agents
86
**Water** prepared by the **use of soluble concentrates** & **incorporation of solubilizing agents** are susceptible to
mold growth
87
**water** in concentrations **higher than 2%** impart an objectionable ____ taste
OIL
88
**prevention** for salting out
**replacing** part of **aromatic** water with **purified** water
89
# **Camphor Water**
synonyms
gum laurel water
laurel camphor water
90
# **Camphor Water**
latin name
aqua camphorae
91
# **Camphor Water**
use/s:
**internally**
carminative
92
# **Camphor Water**
use/s:
**eye lotion**
antiseptic
anesthetic
93
# **Camphor Water**
carmphor
active ingredient
94
# **Camphor Water**
purified water
solvent
95
# **Camphor Water**
method of preparation
direct solution
96
# **Camphor Water**
storage condition
light resistant container
away from light & excessive ehat
97
# **Camphor Water**
auxillary label
protect from sunlight
98
Are concentrated solutions of **sugar in water**
SYRUP
99
____ solutions of sucrose provide an **excellent nutrient** for **molds**, **yeasts** and other microorganisms
DILUTE
100
# **SYRUP**
Concentrations of ____ by weight or more will **retard** the **growth** of microorganism
65%
101
# **SYRUP**
____ solution may lead to **crystallization** of a part of the sucrose under conditions of changing temperature.
SATURATED
102
**Sucrose** can undergo ____ in aqueous solution
DEGRADATIVE REACTION
103
**Growth of organism** (yeast and molds)
FERMENTATION
104
**Sugar** (sucrose-dissacharide) is **hydrolysed** and it produces
MONOSACCHARIDES
105
Due to excessive heating
HYDROLYSIS
106
**Invert** sugar is ____ than sucrose
SWEETER
107
Colorless syrup **darkens** due to
LEVULOSE
108
**Overheating** may change the color to **amber** due to ____ of sucrose
CARAMELIZATION
109
* This method is a **suitable preparation method**, if the constituents are **not volatile** or **not degraded by heat**.
* Purified water is **heated to 80–85°C**, and then removed from its heat source.
* Weight desired amount of Sucrose is added with **vigorous agitation**.
* Then, other required **heat-stable** components are added to the hot syrup, the mixture is allowed to cool, and its volume is adjusted to the proper level by the addition of purified water.
* In instances in which **heat-labile** agents or **volatile** substances, such as **flavors** and **alcohol**, are added, they are **incorporated** into the syrup **after cooling to room temperature**.
* **Heat should be regulated** because it will lead to **caramelization** or the **formation of invert sugar**
* Example: **Acacia Syrup NF**, **Cocoa syrup NF**, **Tolu Syrup IP**
SOLUTION WITH THE AID OF HEAT
110
* This method is used for substances that **degradation on heating** or **volatilize** formulation constituents. i.e **suitable** for **heat labile** substances.
* Sucrose & other ingredients are dissolved in purified water through agitation (without heat).
* Example- **Sulphate syrup**
SOLUTION BY AGITATION WITHOUT HEAT
111
* This method is often used with **fluidextracts** or **tinctures**.
* Fluid extract or tinctures are **added to a syrup**.
* Addition of these may cause **precipitation** of alcohol soluble materials due to dilution.
* Example- **Aromatic eridictyon syrup NF**
Addition of Sucrose to a Liquid Medication or Flavored Liquid
112
* **Cold process**
* In the percolation method, either purified water or the medicinal component (dissolve in purified water) is **passed slowly through a bed of crystalline sucrose**, thus, dissolving it and forming a syrup.
* Sucrose is placed in **suitable percolator**.
* Purified water (with medicament) is allowed to **slowly pass** through sucrose
* Percolate may return back in necessary final volume is adjusted by purified water
PERCOLATION
113
# **SIMPLE SYRUP**
Synonym
sucrose
114
# **SIMPLE SYRUP**
uses
sweetener
vehicle
115
# **SIMPLE SYRUP**
sucrose
active ingredient
116
# **SIMPLE SYRUP**
purified water
vehicle
117
# **SIMPLE SYRUP**
method of preparation
solution with the aid of heat
118
synonym of mouthwash
collutorium
119
* are aqueous, **pleasantly-flavored** aqueous solution used for **cleaning the oral cavity**, **freshening the breath**, and **treating mucous membranes** of the mouth
* Used for its **deodorant**, **refreshing** and **antiseptic** effects
MOUTHWASH
120
# **MOUTHWASH**
Freshen the breath
COSMETIC
121
# **MOUTHWASH**
* **Plaque** and **tartar control**, **tooth decay**
* **gingivitis**
THERAPEUTIC
122
# **COMPONENTS OF MOUTHWASH**
% of alcohol
10 - 20%
123
# **COMPONENTS OF MOUTHWASH**
% of humectant
5 - 20%
124
# **COMPONENTS OF MOUTHWASH**
% of surfactants
0.1 - 0.5%
125
# **COMPONENTS OF MOUTHWASH**
* **Enhances** the **flavor**
* Provides a certain **sharpness** to the **taste**
* Aids in making the **unpleasant taste** of active ingredients
* **Solubilizing agent** for flavorants
* **Preservative**
alcohol 10-20%
126
# **COMPONENTS OF MOUTHWASH**
* **Increase** the **viscosity** of the product,
* Provide a certain **body** or **mouth-feel** to the product
* **Enhance** the **sweetness** of the product
* **Preservative**
* Example: **glycerin** and **sorbitol**
humectant 5-20%
127
# **COMPONENTS OF MOUTHWASH**
* to **solubilize flavors** and to provide a **foaming action**
* **polyoxyethylene** / **polyoxypropylene** polymers
* **sodium lauryl sulphate**
* **cetylpyridium chloride**
surfactants 0.1 - 0.5%
128
# **COMPONENTS OF MOUTHWASH**
to **overcome disagreeable taste**
Examples: **peppermint**, **spearmint**, **cinnamon**, **wintergreen oils**, and **menthol**.
flavorants
129
# **COMPONENTS OF MOUTHWASH**
to **enhance** or to make the product **pleasing to the sight**
COLORANTS
130
# **Alkaline Mouthwash**
SYNONYMS
alkaline antiseptic solution
alkaline aromatic solution
131
# **Alkaline Mouthwash**
uses
antiseptic mouthwash
132
# **Alkaline Mouthwash**
active ingredient
**neutralizes** the **odor** in the mouth
potassium bicarbonate
133
# **Alkaline Mouthwash**
active ingredient
**antiseptic**
sodium borate
134
# **Alkaline Mouthwash**
flavorant
thymol
eucalyptol
methyl salicylate
135
# **Alkaline Mouthwash**
preservative & solvent
alcohol
136
# **Alkaline Mouthwash**
humectant
glycerin
137
# **Alkaline Mouthwash**
vehicle
purified water
138
# **Alkaline Mouthwash**
method of preparation
solution by agitation
139
# **Alkaline Mouthwash**
aux label
do not swallow
140
Are aqueous solutions used for **treating the pharynx** and **nasopharynx** by **forcing air from the lung through the gargle** which is held in throat, subsequently, the gargle is expectorated
gargle
141
# **Phenol Gargle**
synonym
carbolic acid gargle
142
# **Phenol Gargle**
uses
antiseptic
143
# **Phenol Gargle**
active ingredient
phenol 16% w/w
144
# **Phenol Gargle**
humectant
soothing effect on the throat
glycerin 84% w/w
145
# **Phenol Gargle**
colorant
FD&C
146
# **Phenol Gargle**
method of preparation
simple solution
147
* **Oleaginous** or **alcoholic** solutions
* Also known as “**embrocations**” [**applied with rubbing** to the affected area]
* Are solutions or mixtures of various substances in oil, alcoholic solution of **soap** or **emulsion** intended for **external applications**
* Are usually **applied** to the skin **with friction** and **rubbing**, with the oil and soap base providing for ease of application and massage
* should **not** be applied in **bruises** and **broken skin**
LINIMENTS
148
# **TYPES OF LINIMENTS**
Are intended for their **rubefacient**, **counterirritant**, **mildly astringent** and **penetrating** effects
ALCOHOLIC LINIMENTS
149
# **Methyl Salicylate Liniment**
SYNONYMS
oil of wintergreen
betula oil
150
# **Methyl Salicylate Liniment**
uses
temporary relief of pain
151
# **Methyl Salicylate Liniment**
active ingredient - penetatrion
enhancer - analgesic
menthol
152
# **Methyl Salicylate Liniment**
fragrance
eucalytpus oil
153
# **Methyl Salicylate Liniment**
active ingredient - rubefacient
essential oil of camphor
154
# **Methyl Salicylate Liniment**
active ingredeint
vehicle
methyl salicylate
155
# **Methyl Salicylate Liniment**
method of preparation
simple solution
156
# **Methyl Salicylate Liniment**
precaution for safe handling
avoid contact w skin & eyes
avoid inhalation of vapour mist
157
* Are clear, **pleasantly-flavored**, **sweetened hydroalcoholic liquids** intended for oral use
* **More fluid** than syrups because of the **less viscous** ingredients and minimal use of viscosity builders
ELIXIRS
158
# **ELIXIRS**
WHAT TYPE OF SOLVENT:
**Alcohol** 5-40%
**Water**
PRIMARY SOLVENTS
159
# **ELIXIRS**
WHAT TYPE OF SOLVENT:
**Glycerin**
**Sorbitol**
**Propylene glycol**
ADJUNCT SOLVENT - SOLUBILIZING AGENT
160
**Elixir** containing ____% alcohol are **self-preserving**
10 - 12%
161
# **TYPES OF ELIXIRS**
* Used for **flavors** and **vehicles** in **prescriptions**
* Example: **Aromatic** elixir; **compound benzaldehyde** elixir; **isoalcoholic** elixir
FLAVORED ELIXIRS
162
# **TYPES OF ELIXIRS**
* Used for the **therapeutic effect** of the active constituent
* Example: **Amobarbital** elixir
MEDICATED ELIXIR
163
# **AROMATIC ELIXIR**
synonyms
simple elixir
164
# **AROMATIC ELIXIR**
uses
flavored vehicle
165
# **AROMATIC ELIXIR**
active ingredient - flavorant
orange oil
lemon oil
corainder oil
anise oil
166
# **AROMATIC ELIXIR**
sweetening agent
syrup
167
# **AROMATIC ELIXIR**
solvent for oil
preservative
vehicle
alcohol
168
# **AROMATIC ELIXIR**
clarifying agent
talc
169
# **AROMATIC ELIXIR**
method of preparation
solution by agitation
170
* Also known as “**essences**”
* Are **alcoholic** or **hydroalcoholic** solutions of **volatile oils** or substance
* Has **higher alcoholic concentration** than elixir usually **greater than 60%**
* **Uses**
As medicinal agents
As non medicated - flavoring agents
* **Preservation**
Stored in **tight**, **light-resistant** containers and in a cool place
SPIRITS
171
They are of **high alcoholic content** and **do not blend themselves well** to dilution with aqueous solutions or liquids of low alcoholic content.
spirits
172
# **SPIRITS | INCOMPATIBILITIES**
Aqueous solution causes ____ of some materials dissolved in the spirit, as evidenced by **turbidity**
SEPARATION
173
# **SPIRITS | INCOMPATIBILITIES**
____ in aqueous solutions maybe **precipitated** by the addition of spirits due to the **lesser solubility** in alcoholic fluids.
SALTS
174
# **Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia**
SYNONYMS
spirit of sal volatile
175
# **Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia**
uses
respiratory stimulant
176
# **Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia**
active ingredients
ammonium carbonate
strong ammonia solution
177
# **Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia**
odorant
lemon oil
lavender oil
nutmeg oil
178
# **Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia**
solvent for oils
preservative
alcohol
179
# **Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia**
method of preparation
solution by chemical reaction
