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Pharmaceutics 2 > semi-solids > Flashcards

semi-solids Flashcards

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1
Q

layers of the skin

A

stratum corneum, epidermis, dermis

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2
Q

stratum corneum

A

outer layer: 40% water, 40% proteins, 20% lipids
15-25 layers of flat, nonliving cells
semipermeable, passive diffusion

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3
Q

dermis

A

vascularized, systemic absorption, hair follicles, sweat & sebaceous glands

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4
Q

routes of drug penetration

A

intercellular, intracellular, transappendageal (transfollicular)

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5
Q

drugs penetrate skin based on…

A

physiochem properties, particle size, pH of product, oil-water partition coefficient, drug concentration, skin condition

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6
Q

good candidates for diffusion across skin

A

substances with aqueous and lipid solubility

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7
Q

________ acts as a natural barrier limiting drug penetration

A

normal unbroken skin

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8
Q

hyperpigmentation, exposed sun-damaged skin causes

A

decreased penetration bc it has a thicker epidermal layer

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9
Q

age of skin

A

skin thickens with age -> decreased penetration

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10
Q

increased penetration is caused by

A

skin disorders (eczema) and a rise in skin temp

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11
Q

semi-solid dermatologic products

A

transdermal & topical

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12
Q

transdermal products

A

deliver drugs through the skin into systemic circulation (nitroglycerin ointment)

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13
Q

transdermal delivery

A

skin is not target organ, percutaneous absorption

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14
Q

transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDs)

A

ointments, creams, gels, transdermal patches

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15
Q

for topical products, _____ is the target organ

A

skin

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16
Q

topical drug products

A

treat dermal disorders (topical antibiotics), penetrate & retain in skin a while

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17
Q

types of topical drug products

A

antibiotics, antifungal, anti-infective, keratogenic, keratolytic

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18
Q

topical drug states of matter

A

liquids (solutions, suspensions, emulsions), semi-solids (ointments, creams, gels), solids (powders)

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19
Q

semi-solids may be applied…

A

to the skin, surface of eye, nasally, vaginally, rectally

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20
Q

all topical medications must be labeled

A

FOR EXTERNAL USE

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21
Q

types of ointments

A

medicated, unmedicated (physical effect), ointment bases (vehicles)

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22
Q

types of unmedicated ointments

A

protectants, emollients, lubricants, occlusives

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23
Q

protectants

A

protect injured/exposed skin surface & permit healing

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24
Q

emollients

A

soften skin or soothe irritation

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25
lubricants
reduce the friction between surfaces
26
occlusives
prevent moisture in the skin from evaporation
27
ideal ointment base is
chemically/physically stable, nonreactive & compatible with ingredients, nontoxic/nonirritating, easy to apply/remove
28
ointment bases, USP
hydrocarbon (oleaginous), absorption: anhydrous and W/O emulsions, water-removable/soluble
29
oleaginous (hydrocarbon) bases
insoluble/immiscible with water, miscible with oil, greasy, absorb some alcoholic solutions
30
types of hydrocarbon ointment bases
petrolatum, white petrolatum, white & yellow ointment
31
petrolatum, USP (Vaselin)
purified mixture of semisolid hydrocarbons made of petroleum
32
color of petrolatum
yellowish to light amber
33
types of petrolatum
yellow petrolatum, petroleum jelly, Vaselin
34
white petrolatum, USP (White Vaseline)
decolorized petrolatum types: white petroleum jelly, White Vaseline
35
yellow ointment, USP contains
yellow wax: 50 g petrolatum: 950 g
36
white ointment, USP
used bleached or purified yellow wax
37
2 types of absorption bases
anhydrous & W/O bases
38
absorption bases are used
to incorporate limited volumes of aqueous solution into hydrocarbon base
39
anhydrous bases
formation of w/o emulsions, insoluble in water, emollient, greasy, absorb alcohol/some water
40
types of anhydrous bases
hydrophilic petrolatum (Aquabase, Aquaphor)
41
hydrophilic petrolatum formula
cholesterol, stearyl alcohol, white wax, white petrolatum (hydrocarbon base)----these are emulsifiers
42
w/o emulsion bases
contain water & permit incorporation of additional amount of water, emollient, greasy
43
emulsion bases are _____ in water
insoluble
44
types of emulsion bases
Lanolin, USP (clean, deodorized, decolorized, waxlike); contains no more than 0.25% water Modified Lanolin, USP (reduced contents of free lanolin; alcohols, detergents)
45
water-removable bases
o/w (may be diluted with aqueous or water-miscible solutions) Hydrophilic Ointment, USP
46
hydrophilic ointment brands
Dermabase Aquaphilic
47
hydrophilic ointment (1000g) composition
antimicrobial preservatives: methylparaben 0.25g, propylparaben 0.15g, propylene glycol 120g emulsifiers: sodium lauryl sulfate 10g (primary), srearyl alcohol 250g (secondary) white petrolatum 250g (oleaginous phase) purified water 370g
48
water-soluble bases
lipid-free, for incorporation of aqueous solutions/solids, greaseless example: polyethylene glycol ointment
49
polyethylene glycol ointment (PEG)
polymer of ethylene oxide & water
50
PEG with MW below 600
clear, colorless liquid
51
PEG with MW above 1000
waxlike, white compound
52
PEG ointment, NF (1000g) contains
PEG 3350 (400g) PEG 400 (600g) these are semisolid ointments
53
firmness of PEG ointment can be altered by
switching PEG 3350 with equal amount of stearyl alcohol or changing PEG 3350 & 400 proportions
54
incorporated medications must be
stable & compatible
55
incorporated meds properties
aqueous, oil, solids
56
oleaginous bases release
fat-soluble: limited release water-soluble: good release
57
water-soluble/miscible bases release
fat-soluble: release readily water-soluble: limited release
58
formulations that include liquids require
ointment base that can absorb it
59
solids incorporated into ointment should be
solubilized or in finest state
60
methods of ointment preparation
incorporation: components mixed until uniform fusion: components combined, melted, & cooled w constant stirring until uniform
61
incorporation method
rubbing components together on hard surface until smooth/uniform
62
levigation
reducing particle size of solids by trituration, using lubricating agents such as min oil (hydrocarbon/absorption bases) & glycerin (water-removable/soluble bases)
63
levigation is not needed when
solid has a very fine particle size, quantity of solid is small, final product must be stiff ointment/paste, ointment base is soft
64
steps of incorporating solids
1. trituration (reduce to fine powder in mortar) 2. ointment base placed on one side of slab 3. drug powder on other side of slab 4. some powder mixed w portion of base until uniform (geometric dilution) 5. continued until all portions uniformly blended
65
steps of pulverization by intervention
1. material dissolved in solvent (alcohol) 2. solution spread on ointment slab 3. solvent allowed to evaporate, leaving thin film 4, material titrated into ingredients with spatula
66
steps of incorporating aqueous solution
1. solution incorporated into min amount of hydrophilic base 2. add mixture to hydrophobic base

Pharmaceutics 2 (5 decks)

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