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Pharmaceutics 2 > suspensions > Flashcards

suspensions Flashcards

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1
Q

dispersed system

A

type of liquid preparation containing undissolved or immiscible drug distributed throughout a vehicle

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2
Q

distributed substance

A

dispersed phase

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3
Q

vehicle

A

dispersing phase or dispersion medium

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4
Q

label for dispersed system

A

shake well

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5
Q

coarse dispersions contain ___ particles while fine dispersions contain ___ particles

A

large (10 to 50 mum)
small (0.5 - 10 mum)

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6
Q

coarse dispersions

A

suspensions
emulsions

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7
Q

fine dispersions

A

magmas
gels

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8
Q

suspensions

A

pharmaceutical liquid preparations containing solid drug particles dispersed in a liquid phase in which the particle are not soluble (USP)

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9
Q

solid drug particles

A

dispersed phase, suspenoid

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10
Q

liquid phase

A

dispersion medium

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11
Q

suspensions are different from solutions

A

in solution dissolved substance (solute) is not a solid

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12
Q

suspension is a liquid therapy

A

flexible in administration of a range of doses
easy to swallow (infants, children, elderly)

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13
Q

pharmaceutical suspension has to possess (4)

A

therapeutic efficacy
chemical stability
permanency of preparation (physical stability)
esthetic appeal

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14
Q

suspension: routes of administration (4)

A

oral
topical
ophthalmic
parenteral

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15
Q

when a drug is an insoluble solute

A

chloramphenicol palmitate (insoluble) suspension
chloramphenicol (soluble) solution

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16
Q

when a drug is unstable in solution

A

oxytetracycline solution

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17
Q

suspension formulation

A

when a drug is an insoluble solute
when a drug is unstable in solution
when bad taste of some drugs should be overcome

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18
Q

pharmaceutical suspension contains

A

large solid drug particles

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19
Q

sedimentation

A

solids in suspension tend to settle slowly and readily redisperse upon shaking

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20
Q

(T/F) uniform redistribution of solid particles is very important to accurate administration of doses

A

true

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21
Q

redistribution of solid particles is accomplished by

A

moderate agitation

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22
Q

does pharmaceutical suspension pour readily and evenly from container?

A

yes

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23
Q

cake

A

rigid cohesion of particles
resists breakdown upon shaking

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24
Q

(T/F) shape and size of particle do not affect shaking

A

false, they affect it
barrel-shaped particles produce more stable suspension than needle-shaped particles

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25
caking requires
time to develop conservative beyond-use date should be considered for suspensions
26
flocculation can
prevent caking it enhances particle "dispersability"
27
flocculation polymers
nonionic cationic anionic
28
flocculation gives
a loose aggregation of particles held together by weak bounds
29
flocs resist
complete settling
30
(T/F) flocculated particles settle faster than fine particles
true
31
floc aggregates can be
break up easily and distribute readily with a small agitation
32
(T/F) it is possible to completely prevent settling of solid particles in a suspension
false, IMPOSSIBLE to prevent but the rate of sedimentation can be controlled
33
stoke's law
determining what parameters should be controlled to decrease sedimentation rate in a suspension
34
sedimentation rate can be decreased by
reducing particle size increasing viscosity of suspension
35
increasing viscosity of suspension
1. sucrose, sorbitol, glycerin (oral suspension) 2. viscosity inducing agents
36
viscosity-inducing agents
acacia, methylcellulose, carbomer
37
too viscous dispersion medium
difficult to redisperse difficult to pour
38
zeta potential
voltage difference between ions in tightly bound layer and electro neutral region
39
magnitude of zeta potential
gives indication of stability of dispersion system
40
if all particles in suspension have a large negative or positive zeta potential
particles tend to repel each other no tendency for particle to come together
41
if particle have low a negative or positive zeta potential
no force to prevent particles coming together
42
unstable suspension
zeta potential between -30 mV and +30 mV
43
stable suspension
zeta potential more positive than 30+ mV and more negative than -30 mV
44
dispersed phased can be adjusted for better stability
small size of particles reducing particle size too much should be avoided very fine particles can form a compact cake
45
very fine particles can form a compact cake
uniformity of particles size shape of particles separation of particle (flocculation)
46
dispersion medium can be adjusted
increase viscosity of dispersion medium
47
commercially available suspensions
micropulverization fluid energy grinding/jet milling/micronizing spray-drying
48
micropulverization
produces fine drug powder oral and topical suspensions
49
fluid energy grinding/jet milling/micronizing
produces finer particles parenteral and ophthalmic suspensions
50
spray-drying produces
very small particles
51
compounded suspension
trituration
52
micropulverizer
consists of a rotor assembly fitted with beaters and operates at high speed
53
the grinding section in the mill is (micropulverizer)
impact between rapidly moving beaters and particles
54
grinding (4)
size reduction high rotor speeds accurate control of particle size and distribution medium to fine size reduction
55
size reduction (grinding)
impact of particles on the rotating grinding surfaces and on fixed liner, or grinding track
56
rotating grinding surfaces
hammers or pins
57
spray-drying (4)
drug solution is preyed into cone-shaped apparatus rapidly dried by circulating warm dry air resulting dry powder is collecting extremely small particles
58
ingredients in suspension (8)
drug wetting agents suspending agents (viscosity-inducing agent) flocculating agents preservatives flavorants sweeteners colorants
59
flavorants, sweeteners, and colorants are found in ___ suspension
oral
60
suspensions for neonates should NOT include
preservatives, alcohol, colors, flavors due to their adverse effects
61
active ingredient (4)
hydrophobic powders hydrophilic powders manufactured tablets manufactured capsules
62
hydrophobic powders
not wet by water wetting agent
63
hydrophilic powders
wet easily by water no special additives
64
wetting agents
hydroscopic liquids
65
wetting agents are used to
wet hydrophobic powders
66
how do wetting agents wet hydrophobic powders?
displace air in particles disperse particles allow penetration of dispersion medium into powder
67
wetting agents examples (4)
2-5% alcohol glycerin propylene glycol surfactants
68
suspending agents (SA)
thicken (increase viscosity) dispersion medium (avoid rapid settling)
69
viscosity-inducing agents examples (4)
1% carboxymethylcellulose methylcellulose microcrystalline cellulose polyvinyl pyrrolidone
70
suspending agents (polymers, colloids) can
bind certain drugs, changing their availability tests must be performed to check availability of drugs
71
amount of SA must NOT be such
to make the suspension too viscous
72
flocculating agents can be used to improve
physical stability of suspension (floc formation)
73
flocculating agents example (3)
2% clays (bentonite magma) electrolytes surfactants
74
surfactants are can be ___ and ___
nonionic ionic
75
syringeability of parenteral can be
less with addition of floc alternation in pH of parenteral suspensions
76
preparation of suspensions from powders (5)
1. wetting agent is mixed with powder (hydrophobic) 2. dispersion medium is added in portions to powder 3. mixture is thoroughly blended before next addition of vehicle 4. portion of vehicle is used to wash mixing equipment 5. portion of vehicle brings suspension to final volume
77
portion of vehicle is used to wash mixing equipment
to ensure correct drug concentration in suspension
78
preparation of suspensions from capsules & tablets (3)
1. content of capsules are emptied into a mortar OR tablets crushed into mortar 2. selected vehicle is slowly added and mixed with powder to create a paste 3. paste is diluted to final volume with the vehicle
79
selected vehicle for preparation of suspensions from capsules & tablets
contains all soluble components: colorants, flavorants, preservatives
80
stability of suspensions
physical chemical microbial
81
physical stability
suspensions are physically unstable systems beyond-use dated should be conservative
82
chemical stability of ingredients
USP, Vol 1, Trissel's Stability of Compounded Formulations
83
if stability of ingredients is not know, what is the maximum dating for all water-containing preparations? USP, chapter [795]
maximum 14-day dating
84
microbial activity
saturated solution of preservatives
85
packaging and storage
wide-mouth containers (easy pouring)
86
containers
adequate airspace above the liquid tight, light-resistant protected form freezing and excessive heat
87
why is there adequate airspace above the liquid?
to permit mixing by shaking
88
which suspensions are stored in refrigerator?
oral
89
(T/F) you do not need to shake suspensions before use
false suspensions must be shaken before use auxiliary label: SHAKE WELL
90
types of suspensions (3)
ready-to-use dry powders "for Oral Suspension" extemporaneously compounded
91
dry powders "for Oral Suspension" components
drug, suspending agents, colorants, flavorants, sweeteners, stabilizing agents
92
how are dry powders "for Oral Suspension" dispensed by pharmacist?
mixture is diluted and agitated with specified quantity of vehicle (purified water)
93
examples of dry powders "for Oral Suspension"
amoxicillin for oral suspension, USP (antibiotics cholistyramine (management of high cholesterol level)
94
many oral suspensions are prepared in
flavored, sweetened, colored syrups
95
examples of oral suspensions
acetaminophen antacid
96
usual adult dose of oral suspensions
5 mL (1 tsp)
97
pediatric dose of oral suspensions
dose-calibrated number of drops some containers include a calibrated dropper or build-in dropper device

Pharmaceutics 2 (5 decks)

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