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HSC > Senior Science > Flashcards

Senior Science Flashcards

1
Q

List a few chemicals used in everyday life (3)

A

Cleaner - emulsifies
Lubricants - reduces friction
Cosmetics - slows water loss

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2
Q

What is the tyndall effect?

A

Light that is visible passing through a…colloid/suspension

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3
Q

List mixtures according to particle size:

A

Small - solutions
Medium - colloids
Large - suspensions

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4
Q

Provide an example of each mixture (solution, colloid, suspension)

A

Solution - soft drink
Colloid - milk
Suspension - flour suspended in water

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5
Q

What is a solution?

A

Dissolved particles, uniformly distributed

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6
Q

What is a colloid?

A

Particles that are suspended, do not filter but settle

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7
Q

What is a suspension?

A

Particles that separate over time, can be filtered

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8
Q

List 4 types of colloids

A

Emulsions
Foam
Sol/gel
Aerosol

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9
Q

What is an emulsifier?

A

Substance that allows dispersion of liquids

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10
Q

Define surface tension

A

Forces between molecules in a liquid, pulling them inward

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11
Q

Define miniscus

A

Shape that the surface of a liquid takes in a tube

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12
Q

How does a surfactant work?

A

Where a molecule dissolves into an oil substance, REDUCING SURFACE TENSION

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13
Q

Define the purpose of an emulsion

A

Dispersion of droplets of one liquid into another which are not soluble

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14
Q

Define biodegradable

A

Substance that can be broken down by living organisms

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15
Q

Why is skin classified as an organ?

A

Because it contains a minimum of two tissues working together

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16
Q

Where are new cells made?

A

Low layerm of epidermis

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17
Q

Functions of the skin?

A
  • Heat regulation
  • Protection
  • Excretion
  • Sensation
  • Immune response
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18
Q

What is the purpose of micro-flora on the skin?

A

Mutualism occurs as micro-flora break down sebum into fatty acids to maintain the slight acidity of the skin

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19
Q

What are the 2 most commonly used solvents and why?

A

Water - due to polarity of water allows greater attraction and dissolving
Ethanol: It contains carbon atoms and is ‘organic’

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20
Q

For a drug to be effective it must…

A
  • Reach target at correct doasage
  • treat
  • last long to take effect
  • only affect tissues designed for
  • have few side effects
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21
Q

What is the pH of the skin, mouth, stomach and small intestine?

A

Skin: 5.5
Mouth: 8
Stomach: 3
Small Intestine: 9

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22
Q

What are two types of tablets?

A

Enteric-coated

Slow-release eg. Osmotic pump

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23
Q

What is the purpose of an enteric-coated tablet?

A

Remains intact within the stomach, released in small intestine to be absorbed into bloodstream

24
Q

Define vitamins

A

Organic molucules needed for: growth, reproduction, maintenance, that speed up reactions of enzymes. Either FAT or WATER soluble

25
Q

Difference between FAT/WATER soluble vitamins?

A

Fat - persist within the body

Water - readily excreted

26
Q

List 2 biomedical devices and their use/material

A

Pacemakers: Control beating of heart - silicone plastic

Plates/pins/screws: Hold bones together - metal

27
Q

What are the tricuspid valves?

A

Valves that prevent back-flow of blood

28
Q

What is diastole and systole?

A

Diastole: Ventricles relax
Systole: Ventricles contract

29
Q

What are the 5 sections of an ECG?

A

PQRST

30
Q

List 2 types of replaceable valves

A

Bi-leaflet 1970’s - blood clotting

Allograft 1960’s - dead people

31
Q

Negative consequences of atherosclerosis

A

Obstruction of blood flow
Can cause blood clots
Weakens walls of arteries

32
Q

List 2 materials used in boimaterials

A

Plastic (UHMWPE, silicone)

Metals (Super alloys)

33
Q

What are 4 types of movable joints?

A

Hinge
Ball-n-socket
Gliding
Pivot

34
Q

What is a heart-lung machine?

A

Maintains functions of heart/lungs while either or both cannot work

35
Q

Compare minimally/non-invasive

A

Minimally: Cheap, longer recovery
Non: Cheap, painless, less effective

36
Q

List 2 types of minimally invasive techniques

A

x-rays- x-rays sent through body produce image of bones

Keyhole- Instruments fed through vessels to carry out surgery of tissues/organs

37
Q

Process of info transfer

A

Code -> message -> transmission -> decoder

38
Q

Define diode

A

Type of decoder

39
Q

3 classification systems of telecommunications

A

verbal?
electronic?
distance..?

40
Q

List the 4 main types of EMS waves giving an example for each

A

Visible light - optical fibres
Infra-red - thermal imaging
Microwaves - satellites for mobile networks
Radio waves - TV, radio

41
Q

Advantages of using EMS as a form of communication

A

Light speed
Travels in a straight line
Reflected - signals can be deliberately bounced off the ionosphere

42
Q

Define geostationary satellites

A

“same time as Earth” travels at speeds in the same position relative to Earth - to ensure same position from Earths satellite dishes

43
Q

Define scanners

A

Narrow beam of light scans, scanning into a series of thin lines

44
Q

Define total internal reflection

A

When incident angle in a slow medium is greater than critical angle

45
Q

Advantages of optical fibres

A

multiplex, large bandwidth, secure, no interference

46
Q

CNS?

A

Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves

47
Q

3 types of neurones (sim)

A

sensory
interneuron
motor

48
Q

Sensory neuron

A

From body

49
Q

Interneuron

A

Messages between sensory/motor

50
Q

Motor neuron

A

From CNS to muscles/glands

51
Q

Sense organs?

A

Detect stimuli from inside/outside body. They detect specific stimuli

52
Q

Effectors? Examples

A

Organs that act to motor neuron signals (glands/effectors)

53
Q

Reflex arc?

A

Receptors receive stimuli that requires immediate response to prevent harm

54
Q

What 4 things does the circulatory system transport?

A

Nutrients, waste, oxygen, hormones

55
Q

3 types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries, capillaries, veins

HSC (2 decks)

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