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Psych 1 > SENSATION 2 > Flashcards

SENSATION 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What can motion perception do?

A
  • help break camouflage
  • help attract attention
  • help segregate objects from background
    (e.g. seeing a moving animal)
  • help us interpret events (e.g. to see relationships)
  • help us determine structure of objects (kinetic depth effect - allows us to see 3D shape)
  • help us determine what actions people are performing
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2
Q

how does motion help us interpret actions?

A
  • static poses might be ambiguous
  • when someone moves, their actions & intentions are made clear
  • made clear using point-light walkers
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3
Q

How are point-light walkers created?

A
  • Point-light walkers are created by placing lights on
  • person’s joints and having them perform an
    action (e.g. walking!)
  • They are videoed so that only the lights can be
    seen.
  • Humans are so good at processing motion stimuli, that they can guess what action the person was performing.
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4
Q

Condition where u cannot perceive motion

A

akinetopsia
- Sometime due to either disease or trauma, a patient will suffer damage to a part of the brain responsible for motion perception.

e.g. LM could see that things had moved but couldn’t see them MOVING

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5
Q

When do we perceive motion?

A
  • real motion (something actually moving)
  • illusory motion (nothing actually moving)
  • motion aftereffects
    • static image
    • apparent motion
  • induced motion (moving background or moving object causes stationary objects to appear to move)
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6
Q

Rotating snake illusion

A

the percept of motion is caused by the
contrast between the colours – but it is unclear why these contrast difference cause the percept of motion

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7
Q

apparent motion

A

occurs when a series of stationary images are presented in succession to give the impression of motion
- only works if dots are sufficiently close together
- colour can be used to disambiguate ambiguous apparent motion

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8
Q

for apparent motion to occur, as separation increases. . .

A

alternation rate needs to decrease
Korte’s Third Law of Apparent Motion

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9
Q

What is motion aftereffect?

A

After staring at the waterfall
for several minutes, he then
shifted his gaze to the
rockface which appeared to
move upwards.

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10
Q

what is induced motion?

A

A nearby object (usually a large one) either affects the perceived motion of a second object (usually a small one) or causes a second object to appear to move

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11
Q

what is motion induced blindness? (Bonneh et al, 2001)

A

Although motion can make things more visible (e.g. breaking camouflage), it can also cause things to disappear, as in motion induced blindness

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12
Q

What is motion induced change blindness? (Suchow & Alvarez, 2011)

A
  • motion can make it harder to notice changes
  • In the following demo, when the dots are stationary, it is very easy to notice them changing colour.
  • When they move, it is much more difficult to notice that they change colour
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13
Q

How does motion induced change blindness work?

A
  • Normally colour changes attract attention because of the transient signals associated with the change (i.e. the “flicker”)
  • However, when things are moving, there are
    transient signals associated with all objects – not just the ones that are changing
  • Thus, attention is no longer drawn preferentially to the changing objects, so the changes are not noticed.
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14
Q

What does the Footsteps illusions show?

A

it shows that contrast affects motion perception as higher contrast objects appear to move faster and lower contrast objects appear to move more slowly
- could explain why people often underestimate the speed of cars moving through fog

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15
Q

What is the Aperture problem?

A
  • if you can’t see the ends of a line, the movement of a line is ambiguous
  • the motion of the line viewed through an aperture is ambiguous & is ‘captured’ by the movement of the terminators (the points where the line joins the aperture)
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16
Q

Barber Pole illusion

A
  • In this illusion, lines curve around a cylinder creating virtual terminators that move vertically.
  • Thus, the lines themselves appear to move vertically.
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17
Q

What is the function of colour perception?

A
  • colour vision evolved to help search for things
  • colour perception can also make judgments
  • attracting mates
  • spot poisonous animals
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18
Q

What is an opaque object?

A

an object that light cannot pass through - it is not at all transparent
- The colour of an opaque object is determined by the light that it reflects

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19
Q

What determines the colour of a transparent object?

A
  • it is determined by the colour it transmits
  • if an object absorbs blue but transmits red, then it will appear red
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20
Q

blue paint aborbs. . .

A

red light but REFLECTS blue & green light

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21
Q

yellow paint absorbs. . .

A

blue light but reflects red & green light

22
Q

mixing blue & yellow paint results in. . .

A

a mixture that absorbs both red & blue light but REFLECTS green light - so looks green

23
Q

mixing red & green light makes. . .

A

yellow light

24
Q

mixing blue light with yellow light makes. . .

A

light that contains blue, green, & red – this light will look WHITE

25
Q

In the Munsell colour system, colours are categorized accoridng to:

A
  • value (lightness)
  • hue (colour)
  • chroma (saturation)
26
Q

difference b/w rods & cones

A

rods cannot distinguish b/w colours & are active ONLY AT LOW LIGHT LEVELS
- in normal light conditions, only CONES are active

27
Q

trichromatic theory of vision - what are the 3 types of cones?

A

 S cones – 419 nm (blue)
 M cones – 531 nm (green)
 L cones – 558 nm (red)

28
Q

If L cones are most active, the light is mostly. . .

A

RED

29
Q

if the S cones are most active, the light is mostly. . .

A

BLUE

30
Q

pure green light that only contains a wavelength of 500 nm

A

will strongly activate the M cones & L cones but only weakly activate the S cones

31
Q

what are metamers?

A

Physically different stimuli that appear the same

32
Q

What are the 2 main types of colour deficiency?

A
  • monochromatism
  • dichromatism
33
Q

monochromatism

A

 Monochromatism affects about 1 in 100,000 people
 Monochromats usually have no functioning cones
 Only have functioning rods
 Thus, they are truly colour blind and see the world only in shades of gray
 Very sensitive to light – need to wear dark glasses during the day.

34
Q

dichromatism

A
  • dichromats are lacking one of the 3 types of cones
  • Three types of dichromats
     Protanopes
     Deuteranopes
     Tritanopes
35
Q

which cone system is absent in protanopia?

A

L

36
Q

which cone system is absent in deuteranopia?

A

M

37
Q

which cone system is absent in tritanopia?

A

S

38
Q

What colours can protanopias NOT distinguish?

A

red & green

39
Q

What colours can protanopias distinguish?

A

blue & green
blue & red

40
Q

what colours can protanopias NOT distinguish?

A

red & green

41
Q

what colours can protanopias distinguish?

A

blue & green
blue & red

42
Q

what colours can tritanopias NOT distinguish?

A

blue & green

43
Q

what colours can tritanopias distinguish?

A

red & green
blue & red

44
Q

Protanopes and deuteranopes (who cannot
distinguish between red and green) see the world in. . .

A

shades of blue & yellowish-green

45
Q

Tritanopes (who cannot distinguish between green and blue) see the world in

A

shades of blue & red

46
Q

Opponent-process theory of colour vision

A

 What colour we perceived is determined not only by the cones in our retina
 The signals from these cones are processed by the cortex where they are combined into three colour opponent channels
- Red-green
- Blue-yellow
- White-black

47
Q

Psychophysical evidence for opponent-process theory of colour vision

A
  • afterimages
  • impossible colours
48
Q

2nd type of evidence for opponent-process theory of colour vision

A

the fact that some colour combinations are impossible
- it is possible to have a bluish red (purple) but not a bluish yellow or reddish green because they are opponent colours

49
Q

What can opponent processing explain?

A

Opponent processing can explain the existence of afterimages and why some colour combinations are impossible

50
Q

colour constancy

A

the colour of light an object reflects is determined by not ONLY its reflectance but ALSO by the colour of light shining on it

51
Q

If red light is shone on sweater, the sweater will reflect predominantly red light. Why?

A

Even though green objects absorb red light, if you shine enough red light on them, they will reflect some red.

If you only shine red light on them, the only colour they can reflect is red.

52
Q

equation for colour constancy

A

light reflected by an object is determined by the product of its reflectance & the illumination

reflectance x illumination = reflected light

Psych 1 (12 decks)

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