Sensation and Perception

Question 1

The stimulation of sense organs

Answer 1

Sensation

Question 2

the selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input

Answer 2

Perception

Question 3

Stimulus for the visual system

Answer 3

electromagnetic radiation between 480 and 760 nanometers

Question 4

Order in which light passes through the eye

Answer 4

cornea>pupil/iris>lens>vitreous humor>retina>ganglion cells>bipolar cells> photoreceptors (rods and cones)

Question 5

the process by which a stimulus is represented neurally

Answer 5

Transduction

Question 6

Where does transduction occur in the eye?

Answer 6

Rods and cones

Question 7

photoreceptor that is scotopic; perceives general form; more numerous; more in the periphery of the retina; more thoroughly adapts to the dark

Answer 7

Rods

Question 8

Photoreceptor that is photopic; greater visual acuity; less numerous; more in the center of the retina and the only photoreceptor in the fovea; quickly adapts to the dark, but is limited in how much it adapts

Answer 8

Cones

Question 9

Light enters through this structure in the eye

Answer 9

Cornea

Question 10

Transparent eye structure that focuses the light rays falling on the retine

Answer 10

Lens

Question 11

opening in the center of the iris that helps regulate the amount of light passing into the rear chamber of the eye

Answer 11

Pupil

Question 12

Visual activity is greatest at this spot; only cones

Answer 12

fovea

Question 13

neural tissue lining the inside back surface of the eye; absorbs light, processes images, and sends visual info to the brain

Answer 13

Retina

Question 14

the retinal area, when stimulated, affects the firing of that cell

Answer 14

receptive field of a visual cell

Question 15

Point at which axons from the inside half of each eye cross over and then project to the opposite side of the brain

Answer 15

optic chiasm

Question 16

neurons that respond selectively to very specific features of more complex stimuli

Answer 16

feature detectors

Question 17

order by which visual info is processed after transduction

Answer 17

bipolar cells>ganglion cells>optic disk>dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus (if info received by the halves of retina closer to nose; contralateral connection) (if info received by the halves of the retina farthest from the nose; ipsilateral connection)> primary visual cortex> parietal lobe or lower part of temporal lobe

Question 18

In primary visual cortex; detects orientation of line and location of the line within its receptive field

Answer 18

simple cells

Question 19

In primary visual cortex; detects orientation of line, movement of line

Answer 19

complex cells

Question 20

in primary visual cortex; detects orientation of line, length of line

Answer 20

Hypercomplex cells (end-stop cells)

Question 21

WHAT pathway

Answer 21

Analyzes what the object is; lower part of the temporal lobe

Question 22

WHERE pathway

Answer 22

analyzes where the object is in relation to the body, in parietal lobe

Question 23

the human eye has three types of receptors with differing sensitivities to different light wavelengths; short wavelength, medium wavelength, long wavelength

Answer 23

Trichromatic theory

Question 24

color perception depends on receptors that make antagonistic responses to three pairs of colors

Answer 24

Opponent Process theory

Question 25

a readiness to perceive a stimulus in a particular way

Answer 25

perceptual set

Question 26

progression from individual elements to the whole

Answer 26

bottom-up processing

Question 27

progression from whole to the elements

Answer 27

top-down processing

Question 28

Things that are near each other seem to belong together

Answer 28

Gestalt proximity

Question 29

people often group elements to create a sense of closure or completeness

Answer 29

gestalt closure

Question 30

people tend to group stimuli that are similar

Answer 30

gestalt similarity

Question 31

people tend to organize forms in the simplest way possible

Answer 31

gestalt simplicity

Question 32

people's tendency to follow in whatever direction they've been led

Answer 32

gestalt continuity

Question 33

illusion of movement created by presenting visual stimuli in rapid succession

Answer 33

phi phenomenon

Question 34

clues about distance based on differing views of the two eyes

Answer 34

binocular depth

Question 35

an inference about what form could be responsible for a pattern of sensory stimulation

Answer 35

perceptual hypothesis

Question 36

people tend to divide displas into figure and ground

Answer 36

gestalt figure and ground

Question 37

Stimulus for the auditory system

Answer 37

sound: compression and decompression of molecules in the air

Question 38

Order in which sound passes through the ear

Answer 38

outer ear (ear canal)>middle ear (ear drum)>ossicles (hammer, anvil, stirrup)> inner ear (oval window of the cochlea)

Question 39

fluid-filled coiled tunnel that contains the receptors for hearing

Answer 39

cochlea

Question 40

different waveform stimulate different areas of the basilar membrane in particular

Answer 40

place theory

Question 41

what stimulates the basilar membrane area closest to the oval window

Answer 41

higher frequencies

Question 42

what stimulates the basilar membrane areas farthest away from the oval window

Answer 42

lower frequencies

Question 43

perception of pitch corresponds to the rate, or frequency, at which the entire basilar membrane vibrates

Answer 43

frequency theory

Question 44

stimulus for the vestibular system

Answer 44

gravitational pull

Question 45

stimulus for the gustatory system

Answer 45

molecules dissolved in fluid

Question 46

primary tastes

Answer 46

sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami

Question 47

bumps

Answer 47

papillae

Question 48

on the perimeter of the tongue

Answer 48

taste buds

Question 49

where is the primary cortex of gustatory system

Answer 49

insular cortex (in frontal lobe)

Question 50

stimulus for the olfactory system

Answer 50

molecules in the air

Question 51

pathway for olfactory system

Answer 51

air>mucous>olfactory dendrites

Question 52

where does transduction occur in the olfactory system

Answer 52

olfactory dendrites

Question 53

where is primary cortex of olfactory system

Answer 53

olfactory bulb (temporal lobe)

Question 54

Only sensory system that does not send signals to the thalamus

Answer 54

olfactory system

Question 55

stimulus for the somatosensory system

Answer 55

mechanical, thermal, chemical

Question 56

pathway of the somatosensory system

Answer 56

somatosensory receptors>thalamus>somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe)

Question 57

slow pain pathway; signals of dull and aching

Answer 57

C fibers

Question 58

fast pain pathway: signals of sharp pain

Answer 58

A-delta fibers

Question 59

incoming pain sensations must pass through a "gate" in the spinal cord that can be closed, thus blocking ascending pain signals

Answer 59

gate control theory