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AP psychology > sensation and perception > Flashcards

sensation and perception Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

bottom-up processing

A

begins with the sensory receptors and then goes to the brain

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2
Q

top-down processing

A

processing the sensory information by interpreting it through perosn experience and expectations

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3
Q

selective attention

A

the ability to focus on just stimuli we decide is important

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4
Q

cocktail party effect

A

when we are able to focus on just one thing in an overcrowded place

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5
Q

inattentional blindness

A

when we are extremely cocnentrated on a particular part that we miss something completely obvious in our surroundings

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6
Q

Change blindness

A

we are so focus on one thing that we fail to notice little changes in our environment

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7
Q

three steps of all sensory systems

A

recieve, transform information into neural impulses, deliver to the brain

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8
Q

tranduction

A

the rpocess of translatting physical energy into electromechanical one

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9
Q

absolute threshold

A

the minimum stimualtion needed to detect a stimulus

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10
Q

difference threshold

A

the minimum stimulus difference a aperson can detect

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11
Q

perceptual set

A

set of mental tendencies and assumptions that infleucne our sensory interpretation

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12
Q

sensory adaptation

A

temporary resistance to a stimuli, we become less sensitive to it

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13
Q

habituation

A

long-lasting resistanece to a stimuli

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14
Q

wavelenght

A

the distance from one peak to another, determines hue and color (light waves)

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15
Q

Amplitude

A

the height of the wave, determines intensity (light waves)

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16
Q

visual information journey

A

cornea - pupil - iris - trnasparent lens - retina

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17
Q

accomodation

A

the lens adjusts its thickness and curviture to focus on something far away or close to us

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18
Q

How does retina process light?

A

it covnerts light particles into neural impulses nad sends those to the brain

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19
Q

blind spot

A

where the optical nerve leaves the eye

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20
Q

rods

A

retina’s outer regions, eable seeing in balck and white

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21
Q

cones

A

in and around fovea (retina’s central focus area), enable to see colors and details

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22
Q

trichometry theory

A

every color is composed of three primary colors, the eye has the rceptors for only these three colors

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23
Q

color blindness

A

a person doesn’t see a certain cloro becuase they are missing on or more types of cones

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24
Q

opponent-process theroy

A

color vision depends on sets of opposing retinal processes (red-green, blue-yellow, white-black)

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25
afterimages
an image that is reatined in the eye after a stimula has ceased
26
parallel processing
our brain multitasking while processing visual information
27
figure-ground principle
seperarting the object from its background
28
Proximity principle
grouping figures that are close to eachother together
29
Continuity principle
we see things as a smooth constinuous pattern rather than a discontinued one
30
closure principle
we fill in gaps in objects to create a whole
31
binocular cues
thanks to hte fact that we have two eys we see everything from two points of views
32
retinal disparity
comparing the two images from the two eyes
33
convergence
the inward angle of the eyes focusing on one object
34
relative height
taller part of the image is further away
35
relative size
we assume that smaller objects aree further away and bigger objects closer
36
interposition
an obejct that blocks the view of another is closer to us
37
relative motion
when we move it may appear that the objects that are in fact stable move as well
38
linear perspective
when parallel lines seemingly get closer it is a measure of distance
39
light and shadow
where there is shadow that part is deeper/further away from us
40
stroboscopic movement
many still images right after eachother create the illiusion of movement
41
phi phenomenon
when there are two lightbulbs next to each other taking turns bliking we are more likely to see it as one light moving
42
color constancy
familiar obejcts have constant color although illumination may affect it
43
brightness constancy
familiar obejcts have constant brightness although illumination may affect it
44
Relative luminance
the amount of light an obejct reflects is relative to its surroundings
45
shape constancy
shape of familiar objects is constant despite our angle saying otherwise
46
size constancy
shape of familiar objects is constant despite our angle saying otherwise
47
Muller-lyyer illusion
Our perception gets exaggerated depending on the lines at the end getting smaller or bigger.
48
moon illusion
the moon changes its size depending on its position on the horizon
49
motion illusion
animation
50
Ponzo illusion
The perception of size gets confused because of the converging lines in the picture.
51
Ames room
the room is built that one side Is close to the peep hole than the other and then people stand in both corners and the on the closer corners seem a lot larger than the on the further corner.
52
impossible illusion
our brains get so confused by weirdly drawn lines that it cannot create a 3D image
53
aplitude of sound
affects loudness
54
frequency of sound
affects pitch
55
the journey of sound
pinna - eardrum - middle ear - cochlea - inner ear - oval window - basilar membrane (hair cells). ajacent nerve - auditory nerve - auditory cortex
56
sensorineural hearing loss
damage to cochlea's hair receptors, can hear sounds but can't tell what someone is saying
57
conduction hearing loss
damage to the machanical system (eardrum, middle ear bones)
58
place theory
differnent putches trigger differnet places on the cochlea's membrane. Place recognizes pithces by the areas activated
59
frequency theory
monitoring the frequency of the signals coming up the auditory nerve (only 1000 times per second)
60
Volley theory
place and frequency theory together, a gorup of nerves cooperates to reach a higher pitch than 1000Hz
61
skin sensations
pressure, warmth, cold and pain
62
gate control theory
there is a neurological gate in the spinal cord that can control the transmission of pain to the brain
63
5 basic tastes
sweet salty, sour, bitter, umami
64
taste journey
receptor cell - matching partenr cell - temporal lobe
65
smell journey
olfactory receptor cell - olfactory bulb - olfactory cortex - parts of the limibic system
66
kinesthetic sense
our movement sense, where certain body parts are located

AP psychology (8 decks)

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