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Sensation And Perception Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

Sensation

A

Aligns with transduction - conversion of external and internal signals into electrical signals in the nervous system - raw information

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2
Q

Perception

A

Processing of the electrical signals to make sense of them and make them significant

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3
Q

Neurons that respond to stimuli and trigger electrical signals

A

Sensory receptors

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4
Q

Ganglia

A

Collections of neuron cell bodies found outside the CNS

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5
Q

Provide examples of sensory receptors

A

Photoreceptors, hair cells, nocireceptors, thermoreceptors, osmoreceptors, olfactory receptors, taste receptors

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6
Q

Threshold

A

Minimum amount of stimulus that renders a difference in perception - different for everyone !!!

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7
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Minimum stimulus energy that is needed to activate a sensory neuron ( to be transduced into action potential)- sensation not perception

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8
Q

Threshold of conscious perception

A

Signal reaches the CNS but does not reach the higher order brain regions that control attention and consciousness
Aka subliminal perception

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9
Q

Minimal difference in magnitude between two stimuli before once can perceive this difference

A

Difference threshold or just noticeable difference (jnd)

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10
Q

Webers law

A

There is a constant ratio between change in stimulus magnitude needed to produce a jnd and the magnitude of the original stimulus
For higher magnitude stimuli the actual difference must be large to produce a jnd

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11
Q

When does Weber’s law not apply

A

At the extremely high and low end of each range

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12
Q

Signal detection theory

A

Changes in our perception of the same stimuli depending on internal (psychological ) and external (environmental) context

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13
Q

Tendency of subjects to systematically respond to a stimulus in a particular way due to non sensory factors

A

Response bias

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14
Q

Trial in which the signal is presented

A

Catch trial

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15
Q

Trial in which the signal is not presented

A

Noise trial

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16
Q

Subject correctly perceives the signal

A

Hit

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17
Q

Subject fails to perceive a given signal

A

Misses

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18
Q

Subject seems to perceive a a signal when none was given

A

False alarm

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19
Q

Subject correctly identifies no signal was given

A

Correct negative

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20
Q

Adaptation

A

Our detection of a stimulus can change over time

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21
Q

Sclera

A

White of the eye -thick structural later that surrounds eye except cornea

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22
Q

Choroidal vessels

A

Blood vessel between sclera and retina

Retinal vessels is a second set of vessels found in the eye

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23
Q

Retina

A

Innermost layer of the eye which contains photoreceptors that transducer light into electrical information

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24
Q

Cornea

A

Clear dome like window in the front of the eye which gathers and focuses incoming light

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25
Anterior chamber
Lies in front of iris
26
Posterior chamber
Between iris and lens
27
Coloured part of eye
Iris
28
Which muscles causes the pupil to open
Dilator pupillae- under sympathetic stimulation
29
Which muscle constricts pupil
Constrictor pupillae - under parasympathetic control
30
Produces the aqueous humour
Ciliary body
31
Where does aqueous humour drain
Canal of schlemm
32
Lens
Lies behind iris and helps control the refraction of incoming light
33
Accommodation
Ciliary muscle which is under parasympathetic control contracts and pulls on the sensory ligaments and changes the shape of the lens
34
Transparent gel that supports the retina
Vitreous
35
Which body system does the retina belong to?
Belongs to the CNS - is an outgrowth of brain tissue
36
Duplexity
Retina contains 2 types of photoreceptors - one for light and dark and one for colour detection
37
Used for colour vision and to sense fine details
Cones (are most effective in bright light )
38
What are the three types of cones and how do they differ?
Named for the weave length of light they best absorb S - BLUE M- Green L -Red
39
Allow for the sensation of light and dark and permits night vision
Rods - they pigment is callled rhodopsin
40
Macula
Central section of eye that has high conc of cones
41
Centre most point of macula that contains only cones
Fovea
42
Where in the eye do we have the best visual acuity
The fovea - also the most sensitive to daylight
43
Blind spot
Where the optic nerve leaves the eye - no photoreceptors here
44
Bipolar cells
Highlight difference between rods and cones - synapse with ganglionic cells which then group together to form the optic nerve
45
As the number of receptors that converge through _____ cells onto ganglion cells resolution ________
Bipolar cells, decreases
46
______ vision has greater sensitivity to fine detail because _____?
Colour vision, because less cones converging onto a ganglion
47
What are amacrine and horizontal cells important for?
Important for edge protection as they increase perception of contrasts
48
Physical connection between eyes and brain and flow of visual information
Visual pathways
49
Right visual field projects on the ____ of each eyes retina and the left visual field projects on the _____
Right projects on left and left projects on right
50
Optic chiasm
Fibres from the nasal half of each each eyes retina crosses paths - they carry the temporal (towards side of head) field of view Temporal fibres which carry the nasal field of view do not cross thee chiasm All fibres corresponding to the left visual field from both eyes projects to the right side of the brain and the fibres corresponding to the right visual field from both eyes projects on the left side of brain
51
Reorganized paths leaving the optic chiasm
Optic tracts
52
From the optic chiasm the info goes to
Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of thalamus through radiations in the temporal and parietal lobe to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe
53
Parallel processsing
Ability to simultaneously analyze and combine information regarding colour shape and motion compared to our memories to determine what is being viewed
54
Shape is detected by ______ cells which have high _______ and low ________
Parvocelllular - high spatial resolution but low temporal resolution
55
Motion is detected by _______ cells because they high ______ and low ______
Magnocellular cells — high temporal resolution and low spatial resolution Provide blurry but moving image of object
56
Auditory pathway
Vestibulocochlear nerve to brain stem where is ascend to the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) of the thalamus to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe Some sound is also sent to the superior olive which localized sound and inferior colliculus which is involved in the startle reflex
57
What are the 5 basic tastes
Sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami (savoury )
58
Somatosensation
``` Touch - has four modalities : Pressure Vibration Pain Temperature ```
59
Responds to deep pressure and vibration
Pacinian corpuscle
60
Responds to light touch
Meissner corpuscle
61
Responds to deep pressure and texture
Merckle discs
62
Responds to stretch
Ruffini endings
63
Responds to pain and temperature
Free nerve endings
64
Two point threshold
Minimum distance necessary between two points of stimulation on the skin such that the points will be felt as two distinct stimuli Depends on density of nerves
65
Physiological zero
Temperature is judged relative to normal skin temp b/w 86 and 97 F feels cold below feels warm above
66
Can turn pain signals off affecting whether or not we receive pain - spinal cord is able to preferentially forward signals from other touch modalities reducing pain sensation
Gate theory of pain
67
Ability to tells where ones body is in space
Kinaesthetic sense or propioception
68
Bottom up (data driven) processing
Object recognition by parallel processing and feature detection Brain takes individual sensory stimuli and combines them together to create a cohesive image before determining what the object is
69
Top down (conceptually driven) processing
Memories and expectations allow brain to recognize while object and then the components based on these expectations
70
Perceptual organization
Ability to use data and concept in tandem to create a complete picture or idea
71
Gestalt principles
Ways for the brain to infer missing parts of a picture when it is incomplete
72
Law of proximity
Elements close to one another tend to be perceived as a unit
73
Law of similarity
Objects that are similar tend to be grouped together
74
Law of good continuation
Elements that appear to follow the same pathway are grouped together - tendency to perceive continuous patterns rather than abrupt stops
75
Subjective contours
Perceiving contours and therefore shapes in the stimulus that are not actually present
76
Law of closure
When a space is enclosed by a contour it tends to be perceived as a complete figure - perceived to be more closed than they actually are
77
Law of pragnanz
Perceptual organization will always be as regular, simple and symmetric as possible - this governs all of gestalt principles

Behavioural sciences (7 decks)

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