Motivation, Emotion And Stress Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
The purpose or driving force behind our actions
A
Motivation
2
Q
Motivation created from external forces coming from outside ones self
A
Extrinsic motivation
3
Q
Motivations that comes from within ones self
A
Intrinsic motivation
4
Q
Instincts
A
Innate, fixed patterns of behaviour in response to a stimuli (some last a lifetime some do not)
5
Q
Instinct theory of motivation
A
People are driven to do certain behaviours based on evolutionary programmed instincts
Can be overridden by experience
6
Q
The psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to a stimuli
A
Arousal
7
Q
Yerkes-Dodson law
A
Postulates a U shaped function b/w level of arousal and performance - performance lowest at extremes
Lower levels are optical for more cognitive tasks or complex tasks
Higher levels optimal for endurance or simple tasks
8
Q
Drives
A
Internal states of tension that activate particular behaviours focused on goals
Help humans survive by creating an uncomfortable state ensuring motivation to eliminate this state
9
Q
Primary drives
A
Need for food, water, warmth, motivate us to sustain bodily processes in homeostasis
10
Q
Secondary drives
A
Those that motivate us to fulfil nonbiological functions
Eg. Emotions, desire for nurturing, love, achievement , aggression
11
Q
Motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states
A
Drive reduction theory
12
Q
How can needs act as motivators
A
How we allocate our energy and resources to best satisfy our needs
13
Q
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
A
Certain needs will be a greater influence on our motivation. From the bottom up our needs go from physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, self actuation. We fill needs from the bottom up
14
Q
List physiological needs
A
Breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion
15
Q
List safety needs
A
Security of body, employment, resources, morality, family, health and property
16
Q
List love and belonging needs
A
Friendship, family, and sexual intimacy
17
Q
List esteem based needs
A
Self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others
18
Q
List self actualization needs
A
Morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts
19
Q
Self determination theory (STD)
A
Needs based motivational theory Three universal needs 1. Autonomy 2. Competence 3. Relatedness
20
Q
Incentive theory
A
Behaviour is motivated not by need or arousal but desire to pursue rewards or avoid punishment
21
Q
Expectancy value theory
A
Amount of motivation needed to reach a goal results of the individuals expectation of success in reaching the goal and the degree to which they value succeeding at the goal
22
Q
What are the four primary factors that influence motivation?
A
Instincts
Drives
Needs
Arousal
23
Q
Opponent process theory
A
Motivators can be destructive if they result in harm to oneself
When a drug is taken repeatedly the body will attempt to counter the effects of the drug by changing in physiology
-leads to withdrawal, dependence and tolerance
24
Q
Sexual motivation
A
Physiologically humans are motivated to sexual behaviour based on estrogen, androgen and progesterone
Smell, pleasure and interpretation of pleasure, culture, cognition
25
A natural instinctive state of mind derived from one’s circumstances, mood, or relationships with others
Emotion
26
What are the three elements to emotion?
Physiological response, behavioural response and cognitive response
27
What are the seven basic emotion?
Contempt - one corner of mouth pulled upwards
Anger - glaring, eyebrows down and together, lips pressed together
Sadness - frown, inner eyebrows pulled up and together
Happiness - smile, wrinkling around eyes, raised cheeks
Fear - eyes wide, eyebrows up and together, lips pulled toward ears
Surprise - eyes widen, brows up and curved, jaw opens
Disgust - nose wrinkling and/or raising of upper lip
28
Early psychologists believed that the cognitive component of emotion led to the physiological component which then produced the behavioural component
Feeling precedes arousal which precedes action
29
James-Lange theory of emotion
A stimulus first results in physiological arousal which leads to secondary response which is an emotion (emotion would not be processed w/o feedback from peripheral organs therefor spinal cord injury would reduce emotions - wrong)
First response: nervous system arousal
Second response: conscious emotion
30
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
Physiological arousal and feeling an emotion occur at the same time, not in sequence.
When exposed to a stimulus, sensory information is received and sent to both the cortex and the sympathetic nervous system simultaneously by the thalamus
The cognitive and physiological components of emotion occur simultaneously and result in the behavioural component or action
Fails to explain vagus nerve which convey info from the peripheral organs back to the CNS
First response: nervous system arousal and cognitive appraisal
Second response: conscious emotion
31
Schachter-Singer theory of emotion
Aka cognitive arousal theory or two factor theory
Both arousal and labeling of arousal based on environment must occur in order for an emotion to be experienced
Cognitive appraisal - to feel an emotion one must consciously analyze the environment in relation to the nervous system arousal
First response: nervous system arousal and cognitive appraisal
Second response: conscious emotion
32
Limbic system
Complex set of structures below the cerebrum on either side of the thalamus
Made up of amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocamppus, fornix, and septal nuclei
Important for motivation and emotion
33
Amygdala
A small round structure that signals the cortex about stimuli related to attention and emotion
Processed environment, detects external cues, learns from the persons surroundings to produce emotion
Association with fear
Interpretation of facial expressions
34
Thalamus
Preliminary sensory processing station and routes information to the cortex and other appropriate areas of the brain
35
Hypothalamus
Synthesized and releases NT, homeostatic functions, largely dictates emotional states
36
Hippocampus
Within the temporal lobe
Creates long term memories
Aides in creating context for stimuli to lead to an emotional experience
37
Memory of experiencing the actual emotion are episodic memories
Conscious (explicit) memory
38
Storage of the actual feelings of emotion associated with an event
Unconscious (implicit) memory aka emotional memory
39
Describe the ability to distinguish and interpret others facial expressions
Primarily controlled by the temporal lobe with some input from the occipital lobe
Is lateralized - right hemisphere more active
Women are more active in these areas
Present but weak in children
40
Anterior portion of the frontal lobes and is associated with planning intricate cognitive functions, expressing personality, and making decisions
Prefrontal cortex
41
Receives arousal input from brain stem to coordinate arousal and cognitive states
Prefrontal cortex
42
Associated with positive motions
Left prefrontal cortex
43
Associated with negative emotions
Right prefrontal cortex
44
Dorsal prefrontal cortex
Associated with attention and cognition
45
Ventral prefrontal cortex
Connects with regions of brain responsible for experiencing emotion
46
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Decision making and controlling emotional responses from amygdala
47
How can needs act as motivators
How we allocate our energy and resources to best satisfy our needs
48
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Certain needs will be a greater influence on our motivation. From the bottom up our needs go from physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, self actuation. We fill needs from the bottom up
49
List physiological needs
Breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion
50
List safety needs
Security of body, employment, resources, morality, family, health and property
51
List love and belonging needs
Friendship, family, and sexual intimacy
52
List esteem based needs
Self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others
53
List self actualization needs
Morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts
54
Self determination theory (STD)
```
Needs based motivational theory
Three universal needs
1. Autonomy
2. Competence
3. Relatedness
```
55
Incentive theory
Behaviour is motivated not by need or arousal but desire to pursue rewards or avoid punishment
56
Expectancy value theory
Amount of motivation needed to reach a goal results of the individuals expectation of success in reaching the goal and the degree to which they value succeeding at the goal
57
What are the four primary factors that influence motivation?
Instincts
Drives
Needs
Arousal
58
Opponent process theory
Motivators can be destructive if they result in harm to oneself
When a drug is taken repeatedly the body will attempt to counter the effects of the drug by changing in physiology
-leads to withdrawal, dependence and tolerance
59
Sexual motivation
Physiologically humans are motivated to sexual behaviour based on estrogen, androgen and progesterone
Smell, pleasure and interpretation of pleasure, culture, cognition
60
A natural instinctive state of mind derived from one’s circumstances, mood, or relationships with others
Emotion
61
What are the three elements to emotion?
Physiological response, behavioural response and cognitive response
62
What are the seven basic emotion?
Contempt - one corner of mouth pulled upwards
Anger - glaring, eyebrows down and together, lips pressed together
Sadness - frown, inner eyebrows pulled up and together
Happiness - smile, wrinkling around eyes, raised cheeks
Fear - eyes wide, eyebrows up and together, lips pulled toward ears
Surprise - eyes widen, brows up and curved, jaw opens
Disgust - nose wrinkling and/or raising of upper lip
63
Early psychologists believed that the cognitive component of emotion led to the physiological component which then produced the behavioural component
Feeling precedes arousal which precedes action
64
James-Lange theory of emotion
A stimulus first results in physiological arousal which leads to secondary response which is an emotion (emotion would not be processed w/o feedback from peripheral organs therefor spinal cord injury would reduce emotions - wrong)
First response: nervous system arousal
Second response: conscious emotion
65
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
Physiological arousal and feeling an emotion occur at the same time, not in sequence.
When exposed to a stimulus, sensory information is received and sent to both the cortex and the sympathetic nervous system simultaneously by the thalamus
The cognitive and physiological components of emotion occur simultaneously and result in the behavioural component or action
Fails to explain vagus nerve which convey info from the peripheral organs back to the CNS
First response: nervous system arousal and cognitive appraisal
Second response: conscious emotion
66
Schachter-Singer theory of emotion
Aka cognitive arousal theory or two factor theory
Both arousal and labeling of arousal based on environment must occur in order for an emotion to be experienced
Cognitive appraisal - to feel an emotion one must consciously analyze the environment in relation to the nervous system arousal
First response: nervous system arousal and cognitive appraisal
Second response: conscious emotion
67
Limbic system
Complex set of structures below the cerebrum on either side of the thalamus
Made up of amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocamppus, fornix, and septal nuclei
Important for motivation and emotion
68
Amygdala
A small round structure that signals the cortex about stimuli related to attention and emotion
Processed environment, detects external cues, learns from the persons surroundings to produce emotion
Association with fear
Interpretation of facial expressions
69
Thalamus
Preliminary sensory processing station and routes information to the cortex and other appropriate areas of the brain
70
Hypothalamus
Synthesized and releases NT, homeostatic functions, largely dictates emotional states
71
Hippocampus
Within the temporal lobe
Creates long term memories
Aides in creating context for stimuli to lead to an emotional experience
72
Memory of experiencing the actual emotion are episodic memories
Conscious (explicit) memory
73
Storage of the actual feelings of emotion associated with an event
Unconscious (implicit) memory aka emotional memory
74
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Decision making and controlling emotional responses from amygdala
75
Ventral prefrontal cortex
Connects with regions of brain responsible for experiencing emotion
76
Dorsal prefrontal cortex
Associated with attention and cognition
77
Associated with negative emotions
Right prefrontal cortex
78
Associated with positive motions
Left prefrontal cortex
79
Receives arousal input from brain stem to coordinate arousal and cognitive states
Prefrontal cortex
80
Anterior portion of the frontal lobes and is associated with planning intricate cognitive functions, expressing personality, and making decisions
Prefrontal cortex
81
Describe the ability to distinguish and interpret others facial expressions
Primarily controlled by the temporal lobe with some input from the occipital lobe
Is lateralized - right hemisphere more active
Women are more active in these areas
Present but weak in children
82
A subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress
Cognitive appraisal
83
What are the two stages of cognitive appraisal
1: primary appraisal - initial evaluation of of the environment and the associated threat (can be irrelevant, benign-positive or stressful)
If primary appraisal reveals a threat stage 2 begins
2. Secondary appraisal - evaluating whether or not the organism can cope with the stress
84
What 3 things does secondary appraisal evaluate?
- harm or damage caused by event
- threat or the potential for future damage by the event
- challenge - potential to overcome and potentially benefit from the event
85
A situation that requires constant monitoring will need constant
Reappraisal
86
A biological element, external condition or event that leads to a stress response
Stressor
87
What are the common categories of stressors
```
Environmental
Daily events
Workplace and academia
Social expectations
Chemical and biological stressors
```
88
Occurs when experiencing unpleasant stressors
Distress
89
Is a result of positive conditions that are leading to change such as graduating college
Eustress
90
Social readjustment rating scale
Stress levels measured in “life change units”
91
What are some types of psychological stressors?
Pressure, predictability, frustration (occurs when attaining a goal or need is prevented) , and conflict (arises from need to make a choice)
92
What are the three types of conflict stress?
- approach approach conflict which is choosing between two desirable options
- avoidance avoidance conflicts which is choosing between to negative options
- approach avoidance conflict - we only have one choice but it has both positive and negative elements
93
The sequence of physiological responses to stress is called _______? And occurs in what three stages?
General adaptation syndrome
1: alarm stage
2: resistance stage
3: Exhaustion stage which will lead to panic then breakdown/burnout
94
Alarm stage
Initial reaction to a stressor - activation of sympathetic nervous system
Hypothalamus stimulates pituitary to secrete ACTH which stimulates the adrenal gland to produce cortisol which maintains adequate blood glucose levels. Hypothalamus also activates adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine
95
Resistance stage
Continuous release of hormones which allows sympathetic nervous system to maintain engaged to fight stressor
96
Exhaustion
Body can no longer maintain an elevated response with sympathetic nervous activity which means more susceptible to illness, ulcers, high BP, cvd, and in extreme cases death
Can also lead to mental and psychological issues
97
What are the two strategies to cope with stress?
1. Problem focused strategy - working to overcome stressor
| 2. Emotionally focused strategy - changing ones feelings about the stressor
98
Adaptive coping strategy
Eg. Reaching out to loved ones for support
99
Maladaptive coping strategy
Turning to drugs and alcohol
100
What are three examples of stress management?
Exercise
Relaxation
Spiritual practice
