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ANA209 Exam 3 > sense organs > Flashcards

sense organs Flashcards

1
Q

receptors

A

structures that detect stimuli

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2
Q

classification of receptors: modality

A

types of stimuli detected:
- thermoreceptors: temperature
- photoreceptors: light
- chemoreceptors: chemicals
- nociceptors: pain
- mechanoreceptors: pressure or stretch

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3
Q

classification of receptors: distribution of receptors in body

A
  • general senses are widly distributed body senses
  • special sense involve cranial nerves (complex)
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4
Q

classification of receptors: stimulus origin

A
  • exteroceptors: from outside body
  • interoceptors: from organs within the body
  • proprioceptors: regarding prosition of the body
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5
Q

unencapsulated nerve endings

A

dendrites lacking connective wrapping:

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6
Q

free nerve endings

A

unencapsulated nerve endings:
- warm receptors
- cold receptors
- nocieptors

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7
Q

tactile (merkle) discs

A

unencapsulated nerve endings:
- light touch and pressure

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8
Q

hair receptors (pertrichial endings)

A

unencapsulated nerve endings:
- movement of hairs

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9
Q

encapsulated nerve endings

A

dendrites wrapped by glia or connective tissue

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10
Q

tactile (Meissner) corpusles

A
  • encapsulated nerve ending
  • oval mass in dermal papillae
  • sense light touch and texture perception
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11
Q

end bulbs (Krause)

A
  • encapsulated nerve ending
  • similar to tactile corpuscles but located in mucous membranes
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12
Q

bulbous (Ruffini) corpuscles

A
  • encapsulated nerve ending
  • flat
  • sense pressure, skin stretch, and join movement
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13
Q

lamellar (pacinin) corpuscles

A
  • encapsulated nerve ending
  • onion like
  • sense deep pressure, stretch, tickle, and vibrations
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14
Q

muscle spindles

A
  • encapsulated nerve ending
  • fusiform
  • sense skeletal muscle stretch
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15
Q

tendon organs

A
  • encapsulated nerve ending
  • leaflike
  • sense tendon stretch caused by muscle activity
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16
Q

receptive field

A

area supplied by a single neuron

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17
Q

receptive field sizes

A
  • neurons in different regions of body have recieptive fields of different size
  • neurons with a small receptive field size (ex: skin of fingers) allow for fine 2-point discrimination
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18
Q

somatosensory projection pathways

A
  • sensory signals are conveyed through the nervous system by pathways of neurons
  • first-, second-, and third-order neurons carry the signals
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19
Q

first-order fibers

A
  • fibers for touch, pressurem and propriception are large, myelinated, and fast
  • fibers for heat and cold are small, unmyleinated and slow
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20
Q

second-order fibers

A

terminate in the contralateral thalamus

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21
Q

third-order fibers

A

project from thalamus to cerebrum

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22
Q

pain

A
  • discomfort that makes us aware of injurious situations
  • different nociceptors responsible for slow vs fast pain
  • third-order neruons end in cerebral cortex
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23
Q

pain from the head

A

conducted by cranial nerves to the brain

24
Q

pain from below head

A

travels via spinothalamic and spinoreticular tracts

25
Q

referred pain

innacturate pain reception

A

pain from the viscera mistakenly thought to come from more superficial sites

26
Q

gating of pain

innacturate pain reception

A
  • pain signals from periphery never reach brain
  • pain-relieving neurotransmitters can act on first-order neurons
27
Q

taste buds locations

A
  • tongue has the most
  • some in soft palate, phsrynx, epiglottis, and cheeks
28
Q

taste (gustation)

A
  • taste buds
  • lingual papillae
29
Q

lingual papillae

A

surface projections on tongue

30
Q

types of lingual papillae

A
  • filiform
  • folate
  • fungiform
  • vallate
31
Q

filiform

A
  • numerous
  • tiny spikes
  • no buds
32
Q

folate

A
  • ridges on tongue sides
  • buds in children
33
Q

fungiform

A
  • mushroom shaped bumps
  • have buds
34
Q

vallate

A
  • large bumps in a row at the back of the tongue
  • have buds
35
Q

taste buds contain

A

taste cells and taste pores

36
Q

taste cells

A
  • banana shaped
  • taste hairs: receptor for taste modulate
  • synapse with sensory nerve
37
Q

taste pore

A

hole on epithelial surface of tongue

38
Q

gustatory projection pathway to the cerebral cortex

A

second-order neruons in solitary nucleus of medulla

2 parallel pathways:
- hypothalamus mediates autonomic reflexes (ex: gagging)
- thalamus sends signals to cortex for conscious percetion of taste

39
Q

nerves involved in gustatory projection pathway to the cerebral cortex

A
  • facial (CN VII): anterior tongue
  • glossopharyngeal (CN IX): posterior tongue
  • vagus: (CN X): palaye, pharynx, epiglottis
40
Q

smell (olfaction) contains

A
  • olfactory mucosa
  • olfactory neurons
  • olfactory bulbs
41
Q

olfactory mucosa

A
  • roof of nasal canal
  • contains 10-20 million olfcatory neruons
42
Q

olfactory neruons

A
  • have olfactory hairs (cilia) with binding site for ordor molecules
  • olfactory cell’s axons make olfactory nerve (CN I)
43
Q

olfactory bulb

A

swollen tips of olfactory tracts at base of frontal lobes

44
Q

olfactory projection pathways

A
  • signals do not pass through thalamus before stimulating primary olfactory cortex at medial side of temporal lobe
  • secondary areas include insula, orbitofrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus
  • evokes strong memories, emotions, and visceral reactions
45
Q

outer ear

ear anatomy

A
  • auricle (pinna)
  • auditory canal with hairs, cerumen
46
Q

middle ear

ear anatomy

A
  • tympanic membrane (eardrum)
  • tympanic cavity of temporal bone
  • auditory (eustachian) tube
  • auditory ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes
  • oval windo
  • muscles: stapedius, tensor tympani
47
Q

inner ear anatomy

ear anatomy

A
  • bony labyrinth: maze in temporal bone
  • membranous labyrinth: tube within maze
  • endolymph: fluid in membranous labrynth
  • perilymph: fluid between membranous labyrinth and bone
  • vestibule: utricle and saccule
  • 3 semicircular canals
  • cochlea: snal snaped
48
Q

cochlear duct

inner ear anatomy

A

organ of hearing
- spirals around modiolus – an axis of spongy bone
- contains spiral organ with four rows of hair cells: one row of inner hair cells, three rows of outer hair cells
- stereocilia of hair cells project into tectorial membrane
- hair cells synapse with sensory neurons that form spiral ganglion and cochlear division of CN VIII
- contains endolymph

49
Q

scala vestibuli

inner ear anatomy

A
  • chamber above vestibular membrane
  • begins near oval window
  • contains perilymph
50
Q

scala tympani

inner ear anatomy

A
  • chamber below basilar membrane
  • ends at round window that is covered by secondary tymapnic membrane
  • contains perilymph
51
Q

auditory function

A
52
Q

muscles for eye movements

A
  • Upward: superior rectus
  • Downward: inferior rectus
  • Lateral: lateral rectus
  • Medial: medial rectus
53
Q

rods

A
  • night vision
  • monochromatic- rhodopsin in discs in outer membrane
54
Q

cone

A
  • day vision
  • trichromatic visions (Blue, green, yellow-orange)- photospins in parallel infolding of the membrane
55
Q

differences between static and dynamic equilibrium and between linear and angular acceleration

A
  • static: still
  • dynamic equilibrium: moving
  • linear acceleration: moving forwards or backwards
  • angular acceleration: moving up and down or spinning

ANA209 Exam 3 (4 decks)

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