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ANA209 Exam 3 > Study Guide > Flashcards

Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

consists of the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

PNS (peripheral nervous system)

A

consists of the nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

nerves

A

organs that contain bundles of nerve fivers (axons) that carry information to and from the CNS

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4
Q

ganglia

A

Collections of nerve cell bodies that lie outside the CNS

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5
Q

parts of a typical neuron

A

cell body, dendrites, axon

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6
Q

cell body (soma)

A

contains the nucleus and other parts of the cell needed to sustain its life

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7
Q

dendrites

A

primary site for receiving signals from other neurons

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8
Q

axon

A

sends signals: they branch at the distal end and each branch ends in a synaptic knob which forms a junction with another cell

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9
Q

Features of Neurons

A

excitability, conductivity, secretion

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10
Q

secretion

A

a neurotransmitter is secreted when an electrical signal reaches the end of a nerve fiber that passes a message to other cells

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11
Q

Excitabilty (Irritability)

A

can respond to environmental changes called stimuli

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12
Q

conductivity

A

neurons respond to stimuli by producing electrical signals

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13
Q

afferent neurons

A

Nerve cells that carry impulses towards the central nervous system

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14
Q

efferent neurons

A

Nerve cells that conduct impulses away from the central nervous system

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15
Q

what are the four kinds of neuroglia found in the CNS

A

oligodentrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, astrocytes

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16
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Form myelin sheath in CNS and wrap around nerve fibers and insulate them from extracellular fluid, speeding up signal conduction

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17
Q

ependymal cells

A

produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid and fills the spaces, they resemble cuboidal cells and line internal cavities of the brain and spinal cord

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18
Q

Microglia

A

small macrophages that derive from white blood cells; wander through CNS and phagocytize organisms

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19
Q

Astrocytes

A

most abundant CNS neuroglia; provide support and nourishment through a variety of functions: Structural support, blood brain-barrier, etc..

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20
Q

The two kind of neuroglia found in the PNS

A

Schwann cells and satellite cells

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21
Q

Schwann cells

A

produce myelin in PNS and assist in regeneration of damaged nerve fibers in the PNS

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22
Q

satellite cells

A

surround neuron cell bodies in PNS and regulate the chemical environment; provide support and nourishment

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23
Q

The automatic nervous system

A

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). carries signals to glands, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle

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24
Q

ANS effectors

A

glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle; ANS is not required for this activity but modulates it

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25
Q

sympathetic division of ANS

A

fight or flight and prepares the body to put out energy; speeds up heart, increase blood pressure, dilates pupils, makes more glucose available

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26
Q

parasympathetic nervous system of ANS

A

rest and digest, slows down heart rate, decrease blood pressure etc..

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27
Q

upper motor neurons

A

begins with soma in the cerebral cortex and has an axon that terminates on a lower motor neuron brain and spinal cord

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28
Q

lower motor neurons

A

axons leave the CNS, extend through PNS to skeletal muscles. (aka effector)

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29
Q

Three layers of connective tissue of a nerve

A

perineurium, endoneurium, epineurium

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30
Q

perineurium

A

surrounds nerve fascicles

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31
Q

Endoneurium

A

loose connective tissue that encloses axons and their myelin sheaths

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32
Q

epineurium

A

Dense connective tissue that surrounds entire nerve including fascicles and blood vessels.

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33
Q

neurosoma

A

control center of the neuron

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34
Q

Nissl bodies

A

RER in neurons – synthesize enzymes (e.g., ChAT) and peptide neurotransmitters.

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35
Q

Dendrites

A

Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.

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36
Q

axon

A

sends messages to other neurons

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37
Q

three meninges associated with spinal cord

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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38
Q

dura mater

A

thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord

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39
Q

arachnoid mater

A

weblike middle layer of the three meninges

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40
Q

pia mater

A

thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges that follows the contours of the spinal cord

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41
Q

what part of the nervous system controls movement of hands

A
  • somatic
  • Brachial plexus
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42
Q

what is found in the central canal of the spinal cord

A

remnant of lumen of the embryonic neural tube; collapsed in most areas of the adult spinal cord but in some places it remains open and is line with ependymal cells and filled with cerebrospinal vluid

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43
Q

first order neuron

A

detects a stimulus and transmits a signal to the spinal cord or brainstem

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44
Q

second order neurons

A

continues to the thalamus at the upper end of the brainstem

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45
Q

third order neurons

A

carries the signal the rest of the way to the sensory region of the cerebral cortex; level of consciousness

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46
Q

Decussation

A

The anatomical crossing over of neurons from left to right

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47
Q

reflex

A

a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response

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48
Q

four properties of a reflex

A

require stimulation, quick, involuntary, stereotyped

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49
Q

properities of reflex: require stimulation

A

not spontaneous actions, but responses to sensory input

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50
Q

properities of reflex: quick

A

involve few if any interneurons and minimal synaptic delay

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51
Q

propeties of reflex: involuntary

A

done without will or conscious control; difficult to suppress

52
Q

properities of reflex: sterotyped

A

occur essentially the same way every time

53
Q

visceral reflex

A

unconscious, automatic, stereotyped responses to stimulation involving visceral receptors and effectors; controlled by the ANS

54
Q

somatic reflex

A

activation of skeletal muscles; controlled by somatic nervous system

55
Q

components of a reflex arc

A
  1. somatic receptor
  2. afferent nerve fibers/sensory neurons
  3. integration center
  4. efferent nerve fibers
  5. effector/skeletal muscles
56
Q

somatoc receptors

A

Sensory receptors in the skin, muscle, and tendons

57
Q

afferent nerve fibers

A

axons that carry information into the posterior horn of the spinal cord

58
Q

integrating center

A

a neural pool in the gray matter of the spinal cord or brainstem; has 1 or more interneuron and determines wether the efferent neuron issues a signal to the muscle

59
Q

efferent nerve fibers

A

carry motor impulses to skeletal muscle

60
Q

skeletal muscle

A

somatic effectors that carry out the response

61
Q

5 plexus of spinal nerves

A

cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexus

62
Q

cervical plexus

A

located in neck; nerves C1-C5; gives rise to phrenic nerves which supply the diaphragm and play an essential role in breathing

63
Q

brachial plexus

A

located in shoulder; C5-C8, T1; important nerves are the radial and musculocutaneous nerve

64
Q

lumbar plexus

A

located in lower back; L1-L4 with some fibers from T12; includes femoral nerve- supplies quadriceps femoris, sartorius and muscles of skin of thigh

65
Q

scaral plexus

A

located below the lumbar; L4-S4; gives off the sciatic nerve

66
Q

coccygeal plexus

A

located in the lower sacrum and coccyx; S4, S5, and Co1

67
Q

medulla oblongata

A

develops from myelencephalon
location: extends from foramen magnum to pons
Anatomical features: contain anterior surface bulges called pyramids(medial) and olives(lateral)
function: regulates several basic physiological functions; cardiac center, two respiratory centers, associated with gagging and vomiting

68
Q

pons

A

develops from metencephalon
location: a bulge anterior to the medulla oblongata
Function: sleep, and bladder control also involved in facial sensation and expression

69
Q

midbrain

A

develops from mesencephalon
location: short segment of brainstem that connects hindbrain and forebrain (runs between cerebrum and brainstem)
includes: cerebral aqueduct, tectum, tegmentum

70
Q

substantia nigra

A

located within midbrain
function: relays inhibitory signals to the thalamus and basal nuclei of cerebrum, improves motor performance by suppressing unwanted motor contractions, degeneration can lead to parkinsons disease

71
Q

limbic system

A

ring of structures on the medial side of each cerebral that plays a role in learning and emotional behavior,

72
Q

hypothalamus

A

a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion

73
Q

special senses

A

vision, hearing, taste, smell, equilibrium

74
Q

vision

A

signals received by the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe

75
Q

hearing

A

signals received by primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe in the nearby insula

76
Q

equilibrium

A

signals from the inner ear for balance

77
Q

taste

A

gustatory signals recieved by the primary gustatory cortex in the parietal lobe

78
Q

smell

A

primary olfactory cortex lies in the temporal and frontal lobes

79
Q

postcentral gyrus

A

primary somatosensory cortex; senses are distributed over the body
location: parietal lobe

80
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe

81
Q

Broca’s area

A

Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.

82
Q

corpus callosum

A

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

83
Q

thalamus

A

the brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

84
Q

hypothalamus

A

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

85
Q

amygdala

A

creates emotions and memories

86
Q

hippocampus

A

critical to the creation/consolidation of long-term declarative memories; declarative memories- retention of facts you can put into words (names, dates)

87
Q

what contributes to the blood-brain barrier

A

physical connection of astrocytes and blood vessels

88
Q

somatic motor system

A

sends voluntary signals to skeletal muscles

89
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart).

90
Q

preganglionic neuron

A

in the autonomic nervous system of the PNS, a neuron that has its cell body located in the CNS and whose axon extends into the PNS to synapse with a second neuron at an autonomic ganglion (the second neuron’s axon synapses with the target organ)

91
Q

postganglionic neuron

A

in the autonomic division of the PNS, a neuron that has its cell body located in an autonomic ganglion (where a pre-ganglionic neuron synapses with it) and whose axon synapses with the target organ

92
Q

adrenal medulla

A

secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine and is the inner core of the adrenal glands

93
Q

the five primary taste sensations

A

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami

94
Q

difference between taste and flavor

A

taste: mixture of the five primary taste sensations
flavor: mixture of the fie primary taste sensations as well as texture, smell and state of mind

95
Q

which nerve endings are found in the skin

A
  1. tactile (merkel) discs- receptors for light touch and pressure
  2. hair receptors (peritrichial endings)- monitor movements of hair
  3. tactile (meissner) corpuscles- receptors fo light touch, texture, and low frequency vibrations
  4. ruffini corpuscles: constant, heavy pressure
  5. lamellated (pacinian) corpuscles- deep pressure, stretch, and high-frequency vibration
96
Q

muscles for upward and doward movement of the eye

A

superior rectus- moves gaze up
inferior rectus- moves gaze down

97
Q

orbit

A

the bony socket that holds the eyeball

98
Q

accessories of the orbit

A

eyebrow, eyelids, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus, extrinsic eye muscles

99
Q

eyebrows

A

keep sweat out of eyes and enhance facial expression

100
Q

eyelids

A

moisten eye with tears, sweep debris from surface, block foreign object and block light

101
Q

conjuctiva

A

mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and outer surface of the eyeball; keeps eye from drying

102
Q

lacrimal apparatus

A

consists of the lacrimal gland and a number of ducts that drain the lacrimal secretions into the nasal cavity

103
Q

extrinsic eye muscles

A

Six muscles attach to the outer surface of the eye and produce eye movements

104
Q

rods

A

retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don’t respond; each disc is studded with a visual pigment called rhodopsin (monochromic vision)

105
Q

cones

A

retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.; the pigments found in them are photopsins and respon to wavelength

106
Q

cochela

A

a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses winds around the modiolus

107
Q

cochlear duct

A

a fluid filled cavity within the cochlea that vibrates when sound waves strike it “organ of hearing”

108
Q

spiral duct

A

organ of corti is within the cochlear duct and generates auditory nerve signals; has 4 rows of hair cells 1 row of inner and 3 rows of outer

109
Q

inner hair cells

A

responsible for hearing which supply 90-95% of the sensory fibers of the cochlear nerve

110
Q

outer hair cells

A

function to adjust the response of the cochlea to different frequencies and enable the inner hair cells to work with greater precision

111
Q

scala vestibuli

A

chamber above the vestibular membrane; the upper bony passage of the cochlea; contains perilymph

112
Q

scala tympani

A

chamber below basilar membrane; contains perilymph

113
Q

static equilibrium

A

A condition where there are no net external forces acting upon a particle or rigid body and the body remains at rest or continues at a constant velocity.

114
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

perception of motion or acceleration

115
Q

linear acceleration

A

the rate of change in linear velocity (straight line)

116
Q

angular acceleration

A

change in rate of rotation

117
Q

what is responsible for detecting linear acceleration and static equilibrium

A

saccule and utricle

118
Q

what is responsible for the detection of angular acceleration

A

semicircular ducts

119
Q

neural components of the eye

A

retina and optic nerve

120
Q

retina

A

the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

121
Q

optic nerve

A

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

122
Q

what is the inside rear of the eyeball called

A

fundus

123
Q

macula lutea

A

patch of cells on visual axis of eye (retina)

124
Q

fovea centralis

A

tiny pit or depression in the retina that is the region of clearest vision

125
Q

referred pain

A

pain that feels as if it is coming from some part of the body other than the part being stimulated

126
Q

example of referred pain

A

left arm pain during a heart attack

ANA209 Exam 3 (4 decks)

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