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Animal A&P1 > Sense organs > Flashcards

Sense organs Flashcards

(98 cards)

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1
Q

The sensory receptors of common domestic animals are
sensitive to only four general types of stimulus:

A
  1. Mechanical stimuli (touch, hearing, balance)
  2. Thermal stimuli (hot, cold)
  3. Electromagnetic stimuli (vision)
  4. Chemical stimuli (taste, smell)
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2
Q

General senses

A

Visceral sensations, touch, temp, pain, and proprioception

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3
Q

Visceral sensations

A

Make up a somewhat miscellaneous category of interior body sensations, hunger, thirst.

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4
Q

Tactile sense (touch)

A

Sensation of something being in contact with the surface of the body

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5
Q

Temp sense

A

The monitoring half of the body’s temp control system

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6
Q

2 categories of temp receptors:

A

Superficial and central

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7
Q

Superficial temp receptors

A

Located in the skin and detect upward or downward changes in skin temp

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8
Q

Central temp receptors

A

Keep track of the core temp of the body by monitoring the temp of the blood, located in the hypothalamus

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9
Q

Pain receptors / nociceptors

A

Most common and widely distributed sensory receptors inside and on the surface of the body

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10
Q

Nociception

A

The process of experiencing pain

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11
Q

The 4 processes that contribute to nociception

A

Transduction, transmission, modulation, and perception

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12
Q

Transduction

A

First step in nociception, the conversion of the painful stimulus to a nerve impulse, which occurs at a sensory nerve ending

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13
Q

Transmission

A

The second step in nociception, transmission of the nerve impulse up the sensory nerve fibers to the spinal cord

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14
Q

Modulation

A

Third step in nociception, changing of the sensory nerve impulses can occur in the spinal cord, and this can significantly influence the information the brain receives, particularly in cases of chronic or severe pain

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15
Q

Perception

A

The last step in nociception, perception of the painful impulses by several areas of the brain. Conscious perception occurs in the cerebral cortex

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16
Q

Pain classifications:

A

Superficial (affecting skin and subcutaneous areas), deep (involving muscles and joints), and visceral (relating to the internal organs) or acute pain (sharp and intense) and chronic (dull and aching)

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17
Q

Proprioception

A

The sense of the body position and movement, operates largely at the subconscious level and is important in allowing an animal to stand upright and make accurate, purposeful movements in the environment

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18
Q

Wind-up

A

Exaggerated pain response which can cause significant stress on post op patients

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19
Q

Special senses

A

Include 4 of the traditional senses- taste, smell, hearing, and vision- plus the important sense of equilibrium

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20
Q

Sense of taste / gustatory sense

A

A chemical sense, receptors are located in the mouth in the taste buds

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21
Q

Sense of smell / olfactory sense

A

Chemical sense similar to taste, more important in most nonhuman animals

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22
Q

Vomeronasal organ

A

Accessory portion of the olfactory sense in many animal species, including ungulates (hoofed animals), canids, felids, reptiles, and amphibians

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23
Q

Flehmen response

A

“lip-curl,” helps transfer air that contains pheromones and other scents into the vomeronasal organ

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24
Q

Hearing / auditory sense

A

Mechanical sense that converts vibrations of air molecules into nerve impulses that are interpreted by the brain as sound

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25
External ear
Acts as a funnel to collect sound wave vibrations and direct them to the eardrum
26
Middle ear
Amplifies and transmits the vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear
27
Inner ear
Contains the actual sensory receptors that convert the mechanical vibrations to nerve impulses, along with receptors for the equilibrium sense
28
External ear structures:
Pinna, the external auditory canal, and the tympanic membrane
29
External auditory canal
A soft, membrane-lined tube that begins at the base of the pinna and carries sound waves to the tympanic membrane (eardrum)
30
Tympanic membrane
Commonly called the eardrum, paper-thin connective tissue membrane that is tightly stretched across the opening between the external auditory canal and the middle ear cavity
31
Ossicles
3 small bones located in the middle ear
32
Eustachian tube
Opening is present in the middle ear, connects it with the pharynx
33
Cochlea
Linked to the tympanic membrane by the 3 ossicles, receptors of hearing are located here
34
Malleus (hammer)
The outermost ossicle, attached to the tympanic membrane, forms a complete synovial joint with the middle bone (incus)
35
Incus (anivil)
The middle ossicle
36
Stapes (stirrup)
Medial-most ossicle, creates a joint with the incus
37
Tensor tympani
A tiny muscle that helps prevent damage to the hearing receptors, attaches to the malleus
38
Stapedius
A tiny muscle that assists the damage-control process by restricting the movement of the stapes in response to loud sounds
39
The organ of Corti
A soft, multilayered, fluid-filled portion that contains the receptor organ of hearing, runs the length of the cochlea in a long tube called the cochlear duct
40
Endolymph
A fluid filled inside the cochlear duct
41
Perilymph
Fluid present in a U-shaped tube lying on either side of the cochlear duct
42
Oval window and the round window
Membrane covered openings at the ends of the U, are located at the base of the cochlea
43
Basilar membrane
A shelf in which the cochlear duct sits and runs along
44
Main parts of the basilar membrane:
Hair cells, supporting cells, and the tectorial membrane
45
Hair cells
Receptor cells of hearing, tiny, hairlike projections on their surfaces
46
Tectorial membrane
Gelatinlike, lies gently on top of the hairs like a long, soft strip lying on top of a broad series of brush bristles
47
Supporting cells
Provide physical support to the hair cells
48
Equilibrium
As the head goes, so goes the rest of the body, mechanical sense helps the animal maintain its balance by keeping track of the position and movements of the head
49
Vestibule
The portion of the inner ear that is located between the cochlea and the semicircular canals, made up of the utricle and the saccule
50
Utricle and saccule
2 saclike spaces that are continuous with the cochlear duct of the cochlea and are filled with the same endolymph fluid
51
Macula
A patch of sensory epithelium located in each utricle and saccule, consists of hair cells and supporting cells covered by a gelatinous matrix that contains tiny crystals of calcium carbonate (otoliths)
52
Semicircular canals
Located on the other side of the vestibule from the cochlea, each canal is semicircular and oriented in a different plane at right angles to the other two
53
Ampulla
An enlargement present near the utricle end of each semicircular canal, contains the receptor structure, called the crista ampullaris or crista
54
Crista
Similar to the macula of the vestibule, consists of a cone-shaped area of supporting cells and hair cells with their processes sticking up into gelatinous structure called the cupula
55
Cupula
Functions as a float that moves with the endolymph in the membranous canal
56
Retina
Structure that lines the back of the eyeball
57
Photoreceptors
Detect the image and generate visual nerve impulses
58
Three major layers of the eyeball
the outer fibrous layer, the middle vascular layer, and the inner nervous layer
59
Components of the fibrous outer layer of the eye
Cornea and the sclera
60
Cornea
The transparent window that admits light to the interior of the eye, consists of an orderly arrangement of collagen fibers and contains no blood vessels
61
Sclera
White of the eye, consists of mainly collagen fibers and make up the majority of the outer fibrous layer of the eye
62
Limbus
The junction of the cornea and the sclera, can be used as a landmark to describe the position of lesions on the cornea of sclera
63
Uvea
The middle, vascular layer of the eye, includes the choroid, the iris, and the ciliary body
64
The choroid
Sandwhiched between the sclera and the retina, consists mainly of pigment and blood vessels that supply blood to the retina
65
Tapetum lucidum or tapetum
Highly reflective area in the rear of the eye, responsible for the bright light that seems to shine from an animal's eye in the dark
66
Iris
The colored part of the eye, pigmented muscular diaphragm that controls the amount of light that enters the posterior part of the eyeball
67
Pupil
The opening at the center of the eye, enlarges in lower light and gets smaller in bright light
68
Two types of multi-unit smooth muscle fiber that make up the iris:
Radially arranged fibers (enlarge the pupil when they contract), and circularly arranged fibers (constrict the pupil when they contract)
69
Ciliary body
A ring-shaped structure located immediately behind the iris, it contains tiny muscles that adjust the shape of the lens to allow near and far vision
70
Fundus
Term sometimes used to describe the caudal interior surface of the eye
71
Retina
Inner, nervous layer of the eye, lines the back of the eye, contains the actual sensory receptors for vision, the rods and cons
72
Aqueous compartment
In front of the lens and ciliary body and contains a clear watery fluid called aqueous humor
73
Vitreous compartment
Behind the lens and ciliary body and contains a clear fluid with the consistency of a soft gelatin, called vitreous humor
74
Anterior chamber
The space in front of the iris
75
Posterior chamber
The space behind the iris and in front of the lens
76
Canal of Schlemm
Drains the aqueous humor after it passes very slowly by the pupil, arriving in the anterior chamber
77
Lens
Soft, transparent structure made up of layers of microscopic fibers that are arranged like the layers of an onion
78
Accomodation
A process that helps focus a clear image on the reina regardless of whether the object being viewed is close up or far away, the process whereby the shape of the lens is changed to allow close-up and distant vision
79
Layers of the retina:
A thin pigment layer, the photoreceptor layer, the bipolar cell layer, the ganglion cell layer, and a nerve fiber layer that proceeds to the optic nerve
80
Optic disc
Contains only nerve fibers and few blood vessels but no photoreceptor cells, nerve fibers leave the eye to form the optic nerves that carries visual info to the brain
81
Rods
More sensitive to light than are the cones, but the rods produce a somewhat coarse image in shades of gray
82
Cones
More sensitive to color and detail than are the rods, but they do not function well in dim light
83
Fovea centralis
Dense accumulation of cones in a small depression located in the center of the retina, this is the area of the clearest vision
84
Refraction
Bending of light rays that occurs as the rays pass into a medium of a different optical density, which affects the speed of light transmission
85
Four refractive media in the eye help form a clear image on the retina:
The cornea, the aqueous humor, the lens, and the vitreous humor
86
Extraocular structures
Include the conjunctivae, the eyelids, the tear-production and drainage system, and the muscles that delicately move and position the eyeballs
87
Conjunctiva
A thin, transparent membrane that covers the front portion of the eyeball and lines the interior surfaces of the eyelids
88
Bulbar conjunctiva
The portion of conjunctiva covering the front of the eyeball
89
Palperbral conjunctiva
The portion of conjunctiva lining the eyelids
90
Conjunctival sac
The space between the bulbar and palpebral portions of the conjunctiva (between the eyelid and the eyeball)
91
Eyelids
Consists of upper and lower folds of skin that are lined by the thin, moist conjunctiva
92
Canthi
The lateral and medial corners, where the eyelids come together, are called the lateral and medial canthi
93
Tarsal glands
Along the margin of each eyelid are the tiny openings, also known as meibomian glands, can be seen as a line of little dots along the eyelid margin, produce a waxy substance that helps prevent tears from overflowing onto the face
94
Third eyelid (nictitating membrane)
Located medially between the eyelids and the eyeball, consists mainly of a T-shaped plate of cartilage covered by conjunctiva, no muscle attachments
95
Lacrimal apparatus
Includes the structures that pro-duce and secrete tears and the structures that drain them away from the surface of the eye
96
Lacrimal glands
Produce tears, located dorsal and lateral to each eye inside the bony orbits that protects the eyeballs
97
Lacrimal puncta
Small openings that drain tears away from the surface of each eye, located near the medial canthus of each eye
98
Extraocular eye muscles
Attach to the sclera of the eye, small skeletal muscles that hold the eyeballs in place and delicately and accurately move them

Animal A&P1 (6 decks)

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