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Bio > senses part 2 > Flashcards

senses part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

cornea

A

clear, curved area in front of the eye
- where light first enters eye
- focusing starts here

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2
Q

anterior chamber

A

small space between the cornea and the lens
- filled with aqueous humor

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3
Q

iris

A

the colored part of the eye
- controls light levels in the eye
- color is based on genetics

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4
Q

pupil

A

hole in iris
- controlled by smooth muscles

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5
Q

posterior chamber

A

filled with vitreous humor
- jelly like – supports the deep structures and gives eye shape

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6
Q

choroid

A

thin membrane that sits between sclera and retina
- supplies blood for most of the eye

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7
Q

retina

A

paper thin membrane that contains all of the photo receptors for the eye
- sensory neurons that are triggered by different amounts or wave lengths of light

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8
Q

extrinsic eye muscles

A

6 muscles that attach to the sclera – responsible for main eye movements
- skeletal muscles – voluntary

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9
Q

vision

A

is an awareness of the position, shape, brightness, distance, and movement of visual stimuli as detected by the sensory organs, the eyes.

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10
Q

what are the 3 layers of the eye

A

sometimes called tunics
The outer layer consists of the sclera and transparent cornea.
The middle layer consists of a choroid, ciliary body, and iris.
The inner layer is the retina.

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11
Q

sclera

A

protects the eye
largest part of the eye

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12
Q

what are the photoreceptors

A

rods and cones

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13
Q

where are rod and cone cells located

A

The retina’s basement layer

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14
Q

fovea

A

where most photoreceptors are found

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15
Q

optic disc

A

where optic nerve enters

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16
Q

eye

A

no photoreceptors = blind spot

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17
Q

rods cells

A

photoreceptors that detect subtle differences in light and contrast
- lower threshold than cones
- night blind – not as many active rod cells
- due to genetics, disease, long term vitamin A deficiency

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18
Q

cone cells

A

– react to a range of wave lengths of light
- higher threshold to trigger
- blue, green, and red cone cells
- a deficiency in one or more types of color = colorblindness

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19
Q

astigmatism

A

one or both corneas have uneven curvature and cannot bend light to the same focal point.
affects sharpness of images

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20
Q

myopia

A

near sighted
- focal point is in front of retina

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21
Q

hyperopia

A

far sighted
- focal point behind retina

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22
Q

conjunctivitis

A

inflammation of the membrane lining the inside of the eyelids and covering the sclera

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23
Q

trachoma

A

caused by the bacterium responsible for the sexually transmitted disease chlamydia

24
Q

herpes infection

A

the cornea results from infection with various herpes simplex viruses

25
Q

malignant melanoma

A

eye cancer that develops in the choroid

26
Q

retinoblastoma

A

cancer of the retina that occurs in infants.

27
Q

cataracts

A

the gradual clouding of the lens associated with aging and diabetes, can completely block light from entering the eye.

28
Q

macular degeneration

A

an age-related degeneration of the retina.

29
Q

glaucoma

A

results from excess of fluid in the eyeball, causing pressure on the retina.

30
Q

frequency

A

speed of soundwave = tone (pitch)

31
Q

amplitude

A

size of the wave = volume (loudness)

32
Q

outer ear

A

collects sound waves and turns them into vibrations, which are amplified in the middle ear

33
Q

inner ear structures include what

A

semicircular canals for balance and the cochlea

34
Q

vibrations are passed from what to what

A

from the tympanic membrane to the middle ear bones (malleus, incus, stapes) and on to the oval window, stretched across the entrance to the cochlea.

35
Q

what are the 2 compartments in the cochlea

A

its outer chamber (the scala vestibuli and scala tympani), which curl around an inner cochlear duct; all are fluid filled.

36
Q

outer

A

auricle – a funnel for sound waves made mostly of cartilage

37
Q

ear canal

A

moves soundwaves containing ceruminous

38
Q

glands

A

secrete wax to trap things and moisturize ear drum

39
Q

eardrum

A

tympanic membrane
- very sensitive to soundwaves
- vibrates at same frequencies – transfer to middle ear

40
Q

middle ear

A

ossicles – 3 series of 2 tiny bones that transfer and amplify soundwaves from eardrum to oval window

41
Q

Eustachian tube

A

tubes that connect from middle to pharynx
- maintain air pressure in ear

42
Q

Inner ear

A

cochlea – contains hearing center
- also where balance center is
- a spiral shaped structure that is filled with fluid and a membrane containing hair cells
- each hair cell is sensitive to different frequencies
- stapes (the third ossicle) pushes on oval window
- moves liquid and presses on membrane based on frequency and size and the brain interprets

43
Q

sound wave

A

a disturbance in air that can cause vibrations in the eardrum which our brains can detect

44
Q

Tinnitis

A

a constant tone

45
Q

frequency deafness

A

death of one or more hair cells
- eardrum becomes less sensitive
- ossicles can fuse and nerve can be damaged

46
Q

hearing

A

detection and interpretation of soundwaves

47
Q

how is loudness determined

A

by the total number of cells that become stimulated; tone or “pitch” depends on the frequency of vibration.

48
Q

what does the round window serve as

A

as a release valve for the pressure waves in the middle ear.

49
Q

eustachian tube permits what

A

equalization of pressures.

50
Q

balance

A

detects static equilibrium = head’s position in regards to gravity

51
Q

vestibular apparatus

A

a closed system of fluid-filled sacs and semicircular canals inside the ear; the canals are arranged to represent the three planes of space.

52
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

3 dimensional motion
- detected by 3 semicircular canals in each ear
- fluid filled called endolymph
- at the ends of each loop – have membranes covering hair cells
- as you move – triggers one more canal – detected by cerebellum

53
Q

what determines dynamic equilibrium

A

Rotation of the head determines

54
Q

static equilibrium

A

the head’s position in space, is monitored by two sacs in the vestibular apparatus, the utricle and saccule.

55
Q

what do the 2 sacs contain

A

otolith organs (hair cells) and otoliths (ear stones), which detect changes in orientation as well as acceleration and deceleration.

56
Q

vestibule

A

contains membrane covered structures that detect changes in head’s position due to movement of tiny structures called otoliths

Bio (24 decks)

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