sensorimotor system

Question 1

principles of sensorimotor function

Answer 1

association cortex
secondary motor cortex
primary motor cortex
Brain stem motor nuclei
spinal motor circuit

to the bottom-up

Question 2

complete model of the sensory-motor system

Answer 2

association cortex
secondary motor cortex
basal ganglia/ PMC/ cerebellu
BSMN
SMC

Question 3

sensory feedback

Answer 3

our sensory systems monitor the bodies responses and feed that information back into the sensorimotor circuit

in most cases such sensory feedback is involved directing the continuation of responses

Question 4

except with

Answer 4

ballistic responses (brif,all or none,high-speed movment

Question 5

central sensorimotor program theory

Answer 5

1- the lower levels of the sensorimotor system hierarchy possess ‘‘sensorimotor programs’‘,and those programs represent particular patterns of activity

2.a particular complex movment is produced by activating the appropriate combination of these programs (cut onion)

3.once a particular level of the sensorimotor hierchy is activated,it is capable of operating on the basis of sensory feedback without direct control by higher levels

Question 6

motor equivilant

Answer 6

most movment can be carried out in a variety of different ways

can produece same movments with differents parts of your body

if you can do this means that that activity program can be found in the high programs of the sensory motor system hierchy

Question 7

practice can create and/or modify sensorimotor programs

Answer 7

most theories talk of two sorts of processes that influence the learning of sensory motor programs

1:response chunking
2;shifiting control to lower levels

Question 8

1. response chuncking

Answer 8

means that with practice we carry motor programs as chuncks rather than individual units

dont have to think about in between movments

chuncks can be conbined with larger chuncks

Question 9

2.shifting control to lower levels

Answer 9

has two advantages
- freezup hiegher levels of the sensory motor system hierchy to deal with more obscure aspects of performence

-it also allows greater speed when performing actions

Question 10

there are many cases of neuropsychological patients responding to stimuli that they are not consciously aware of

Question 11

two major areas of sensorimotor association cortext

Answer 11

1-posterior pariential association cortext

2-Dorsalateral prefrontal association cortext

Question 12

posterior pariential association cortext

Answer 12

intergreates information about the current position of your body parts with information about the position of external objects that u wish to interact with

Question 13

the posterior pariental association cortext

Answer 13

recives many inputs from:
-visual system
-auditory system
-somatosensory system

sends outputs to:
-frontal eye field
-various secondery motor cortices
-dorsolateral prefrontal association system

Question 14

study

Question 15

when demaged

Answer 15

can produce a variety of sensorimotor deficits:including deficits in the perceptions and memory of spatial relationships,in accurate reaching and grasping ,in control of eye movment and in attetion

Question 16

apraxia and contralateral neglect are two most triking consequences of demage in that area

Answer 16

Apraxia: a disorder of voluntary movment that is not attributal to a simple motor deficency

people with apraxia may not be able to:
- immitate gestures (especially menigless ones)
-performe of menigful gestures on conmmand
-real or pantomime use of tool and objects

-there is one domain that apraxic error seems to always happen
-imitation of meanigless gesture

symptoms are bilateral and languague production deficit are common

Question 17

contralateral neglect

Question 18

they do it better

Answer 18

if it appears first to their left

Question 19

dersonalteral perfrontal association cortext

Answer 19

invoved in the evaluation of external stimuli and the initiation of voluntary reactions to those stimuli

recive inputs:
-posterior parential cortext

sends outputs
-frontol eyefield
-primary motor cortext
-varies secondary motor cortices

Question 20

dorsonalateral prefrontal cortext

Answer 20

fire first when it antecipates a motor activity

decision to inimate a voluntary movment occurs in the dorsal prefrontal cortext but it depends on the posterial parential cortext

Question 21

secondary motor cortext

Answer 21

are cortexts that recive input from association cortext, and sends outputs to primary motor cortext

the number of secondary motor areas have changed

Question 22

electrical stimulation in secondary motor cortext

Answer 22

elicits complex movments (often bliateral)

Question 23

recording in this area show

Answer 23

that neurons become active just prior to initiation of a voluntary movment

Question 24

this region is invoveld with complex series of movements

Question 25

in general

Answer 25

thought to be involved in the programming of specific patterns of movments after taking instructions from dersolateral prefrontal cortext

Question 26

posterial parenta cortext (input)>Dorsalateral prefrontal cortext>secondary motor cortext

Question 27

mirror neurons

Answer 27

neurons that fire either when the individual performs a particular movment or when they observe that movment performend by another individual

Question 28

- primary motor cortext

Answer 28

each site in the primary cortext controls a muscle in the contraleteral part of the body,and each neuron produces movment of that body part in a particular direction

Question 29

current view

Answer 29

what is importanat is not the direcetion but the endpoint

Question 30

demage to primary motor cortext

Answer 30

smaller affect you might expect: large lensions may disrupt a persons'ability to move one body part independently of others, may reduce speed,accuracy and force of movment

Question 31

cerebellum and basal ganglia

Question 32

cerebellum

Answer 32

inputs: -primary and secondary motor system -information about descending motoe signals from the brain stem nuclei -feedback from motor responses via the somatosensory and vestibular syste,

Question 33

cerabellum

Answer 33

10% of the brain but has 50% the neurons of the brain modulate sensory motor signals cerebelum plays a very big impact in motor learning

Question 34

demage to the cxerabellum

Answer 34

-loss of ability to precisely control the direction,force,velocity and ampituted of movment -loss of ability to adapt patterns of motor output to changing conditions -difficulties in mainstrining steady posture -disturbance in balance and eye movment -empiriment of learning motor sequence -imperiments on measure of attetion and executive control,memory

Question 35

current view of cerebellum functioning

Answer 35

1-cerebellum plays a fundamental role in timing.when demaged,motor commands and cognitive states are no longer appropretely selected and sequence 2-cerebellum is involved in sensorimotor imagery(active during real or fake imagery) 3-cerebellum is a learning machine

Question 36

basal ganglia

Answer 36

complex nucli together modulate motor output also involves in a wide variety of cognitive function and promotes new skill learning and helps the cortext consilidates new skill parkisons affect this are of the brain