Sensory Flashcards
(171 cards)
What bones make up the anterior skull?
Frontal Nasal Zygomatic Maxilla Mandible
What bones make up the lateral skull?
Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital Zygomatic Nasal Sphenoid Maxilla Mandible
Where do the different sutures occur on the skull?
The coronal suture is the articulation by frontal and parietal
Saggital is between the two parietals
Lamboid is between parietals and occipital
Squamous is between temporal and parietal
Sphenoparietal is between sphenoid and parietal bones
Occipitomastoid is between Temporal and occipital
What is the pterion and why is it important?
It’s the articulation between the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones. It is the weakest part of the skull, and covers the anterior middle meningeal artery. This is a major site of extradural hematoma.
It can also compress CIII, and cause herniation into the brain base.
It’s difficult to determine its location, and there are different frequencies depending on ethnicity.
It also may encapsulate the middle meningeal artery, rather than simply cover it. It lies within a 1cm circle 2cm behind and 1cm above the posterolateral margin of the frontozygomatic suture.
What bones make up the base of the skull?
The maxilla, hard palate, zygomatic, sphenoid, vomer, temporal and occipital bones.
What are the paired bony prominences of the skull?
The mastoid processes, occipital condyles and styloid processes.
What are the main foraminae of the skull and what passes through them?
Incisive foramen: nasopalatine nerves, sphenopalatine vessels
Greater palatine foramen
Foramen ovale (V2)
Foramen spinosum: middle meningeal artery
Carotid canal: int. carotid artery
Jugular foramen: C IX, X, XI, int. jugular vein
Foramen magnum: spinal cord and vertebral arteries
What foramen can you not see in a live skull, but can see in a live skull?
Foramen lacerum: it is filled with cartilage in life.
What bones make up the anterior fossa of the skull?
Frontal bone
Body and lesser wings of sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
What bones make up the middle fossa?
Chiasmatic sulcus of body of sphenoid bone and greater winds of sphenoid
Posterior edges of dorsum sellae of sphenoid, petrous part of temporal bone
What bones make up the posterior fossa?
Sorsum sellae of sigmoid, squamous part of occipital bone
Sup petrous temporal bones, parietal bones
What are the main intracranial foraminae of the skull?
Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Carotid canal Foramen spinosum Jugular foramen Foramen magnum Hypoglossal canal Inf accoustic meatus Foramen lacerum Sup orbital fissure Optic canal Cribiform plate
What are the sinuses of the skull and what is their function?
Frontal sinus Ethmoidal cells Maxillary sinus Nasal cavity Sphenoid sinus These lighten the face, humidify and head inspired air, and increase the resonance of speech
What are the bones that make up the orbit?
Palatine Ethmoid Lacrimal (make up the medial wall) Maxilla (makes up the floor) Zygomatic (makes up the lateral wall) Frontal (makes up the roof) Spehnoid
What are the layers of the eyelid? (From superficial to deep)
Skin Subcutaneous tissue Orbiculus oculi Orbital septum Conjunctiva Tarsus
What is orbiculus oculi?
A nerve that allows us to forcefully shut our eyes. It is supplied by CNVII. It has two parts- the orbital and palpebral parts.
What is the orbital septum?
An extension of the periosteum. It is an attachment point for the tarsus, levator palpebrae superioris, and the superior tarsal muscle.
What is the tarsus?
A plate of dense connective tissue, which protects the eye and has glands to help moisten the eye itself.
What is the blood and nervous supply to the eyelid?
Opthalmic, facial and superior temporal arteries
Sensory nerves are the opthalmic and maxillary
Motor is sympathetics, CNIII and CNVII
Describe the conjunctiva
It is a thin cell layer running around from the skin to the eye surface. It is very vascular, and is responsible for eye redness when injured.
Describe raccoon eyes
The skin and subcutaneous tissue of the eyelid is a potential space, which accumulates blood after injury to the eyes. It can also be due to extradural hematoma, where the blood escapes from the dura elsewhere, and ends up in the eyes even if this is not the site of injury
Describe the muscles that raise the eyelid
Two muscles raise it: Levator palpebral superioris and superior tarsal muscle. They are innervated by CNIII and the sympathetic nervous system, respectively
Loss of function as in horner’s syndrome can cause drooping of the upper eyelid, called ptosis.
What are the three points at which structures enter and leave the orbit?
Superior orbital fissure
Inferior orbital fissure
Optic canal
What structures travel through the optic canal?
Optic nerve
Opthalamic artery