Sensory And Perception (3b)

Question 1

Tactile or cutenous senses

Answer 1

The tactile or somatosensory system is a cogitation of skin senses including
- pressure
- touch
- temperature
- vibration
- pain
The tactile senses rely on a variety of receptors located in different parts of the skin

Question 2

Free nerve endings

Answer 2

They are located near the surface of the skin. They detect touch, pressure, pain, and temperature

Question 3

Meissner’s corpuscles

Answer 3

Located in fingertips, lips, and palms (hairless skin areas)
they transduce information about sensitive touch

Question 4

Merkel’s discs

Answer 4

Located near the surface of the skin, and it transduces information about light to moderate pressure against skin

Question 5

Ruffini’s end-organs

Answer 5

Located deep in the skin,they register heavy pressure and movement of the joints

Question 6

Pacinian corpuscles

Answer 6

• located deep in the kin
• the function is to respond to vibrations and heavy pressure

Question 7

Free pathway (myelinated pathway)

Answer 7

Sharp localized pain is felt quicker because it travels along myelinated neurons to the brain

Question 8

Slow pathway (unmyelinated pathway)

Answer 8

These inputs communicate with brain regions involved in processing emotions; pain we perceive via slow pathway is more often burning pain than sharp pain

Question 9

development of tactile senses

Answer 9

Developed at brith, after birth the ability to respond to different somatosensory stimuli is dependant on brain development and learning.
- Touch is necessary for healthy development

Question 10

Gate control theory of pain

Answer 10

Patterns of neural activity can actually close a “gate”that prevents messages from reaching parts of the brain where they are perceives as pain

Question 11

No pain (familial dysautonomia)

Answer 11

Rare genetic condition associated with the inability to detect pain or temperature and produce tears

Question 12

Phantom limb sensations

Answer 12

Tactile hallucinations of touch, pressure, vibration, and pain in the body part that no longer exists

Question 13

Sound waves

Answer 13

Vibrations of the air in the frequency of hearing

Question 14

Frequency

Answer 14

The number of styles per second in a wave
- determines pitch of sound
- measured in unties called Hertz (Hz), which represent cycles per second
- we hear the best in the range of 2000 - 5000 Hz

Question 15

Tactile senses: Individual differences

Answer 15

• Women have a lower threshold for detecting pain thn men, which may be due to differences in the nervous systems
  -Neuroimaging studies have revealed that people’s brains react differently depending on their sensitivity to pain

Question 16

Disorders of the Tactile senses

Answer 16

Chronic sin is the most common abnormality associated with the somatosensory system
- endorphins and enkephalins are naturally occurring chemicals produced by the nervous system and have pain reliving properties
- opiates such as heroine and oxy, morphine mimic the body’s pain relief system

Question 17

Amplitude

Answer 17

• the magnitude (height of the wave)
• determines loudness
• Measured in units called decibels (dB)

Question 18

How does the ear hear

Answer 18

• sound waves enter the outer ear, hitting the tympanic membrane (eardrum). The waves then bass ito the middle ear fontina small bones called the ossicles. This causes the stapes (ossicle) to hit the oval window causing a wave to form in the cochlea. The fluid deleted the baslilar me brain which leads it to bend its hair cells transduction g the fluid sound into electrical activity. As the hair cells move neural impulses are created and sent to the brain

Question 19

Tonotopic Map

Answer 19

Sound travels to the brain stem, thalamus, and then the auditory cortex
- in the auditory cortex, sound is received in atonotpic map
- certain frequencies are always received by certain areas of the unitary Cortex

Question 20

Frequency theory

Answer 20

Different sound frequencies are converted into different rated of action potentials
- high frequency sounds produce a more rapid firing than do lo-frequency sounds

Question 21

Place theory

Answer 21

Differences in frequency activity different regions of the basilar membrane
- the brain equates place activity occurred n the basilar membrane with a particular frequency

Question 22

Absolute pitch

Answer 22

The ability to regonizes or produce and note on a musical scal
- more common in ton languages (mandarin, Chinese)
- develops between 3 and 6