Sensory Development Topics Flashcards

1
Q

Define sensation

A

process which sensory receptors receive and route info to the spinal levels and to higher CNS levels

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2
Q

Define perception

A

integration of sensation, memory, through and CNS refinement that provides a context for interaction with the environment; attributing meaning to sensory info- “awareness”

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3
Q

Put the following senses in order according to when they develop in utero (earliest to latest): taste, touch, proprioception, smell, hearing, vision, motion (vestibular)

A

(first developed)- 1) touch, 2) Motion (vestib), 3) Smell, 4) Hearing, 5) Vision, 6) Taste, 7) proprioception

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4
Q

Define the mechanics of sensory reception, to include peripheral reception, transduction, adaptation, and threshold.

A

Peripheral reception-information processing involves cognition and neural maturation
transduction- altering environmental stimuli into neural energy (sound waves into electrical impulse)
Adaptation- receptors in most systems diminish in responsiveness following repeated stimuli (Galveston smell)
Threshold- minimum amount of stimuli needed to elicit a response (changes over time, diff per person, difference in pain tolerance)

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5
Q

What state of awareness is the best (ideal) for testing an infant?

A

Alert? Infant does not lack behavioral responses, motor or sensory deficits, attention, or is not fatigued.

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6
Q

Describe/Define habituation and conditioning.

A

Habituation: response ecrement with repeated presentation of same stimulus (shut out a stim like ticking clock, fan noise, people).
Conditioning: child begins to suck when placed In familiar feeding position.
(*remember adaptation is receptor level- like adapting to the Galveston smell- we don’t smell it anymore- formaldehyde is immune:P )

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7
Q

Describe/Define haptic perception and stereognosis; find a YouTube video demonstrating this.

A

HP-ability to gain information about an object through manipulation
Stereognosis- can recognize an object in your hand. (not reliable for <2 year olds).

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8
Q

List at least 3 intervention techniques used by PTs that depend on an intact somatic sensory system.

A

Brushing, Tapping or maintained pressure, Stroking, Vibration, Icing, Neural warmth

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9
Q

Describe/summarize the vestibular system and its receptors; list at least 3 intervention techniques that depend on an intact vestibular system.

A

awarenessof skeletal movement, position in space, alignment and equilibrium. Kinesthesia- sense of body motion. Muscle spindle- skeletal muscle; limb position. Golgi Tendon oragan-tendons- tension in tendon of contracting muscle.
Proprioceptor in inner ear- completely myelinated at birth; replays input about body’s relationship to gravity, head position, and head movement. Influences postural tone, balance and visual gaze.
Receptors: semicircular canals (angular head movment in any plane), Utricle and saccule (gravity detection), Nystagmus (involuntary eye movement to rotary movement).
Intervention: static posture or dynamic movement: slow rocking; fast irregular motion, inverted positioning. (Decrease vs increase arousal and tonal responses).

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10
Q

Describe/summarize the auditory sense and its importance in PT intervention.

A

possible after 24 weeks gestation- chronic ear infections may have gross motor delay. Auditory myelination not complete until 4-5 years of age. Perception of outside world. PT intervention: arousal/relaxation, emotion, learning. We learn with 80-85% dependence on vision.

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11
Q

Describe the visual system, and provide an explanation of macula, rods, cones, and fovea.

A

allows for discrimination of all visual stim, interconnectd with vestib, proproceptive, motor systems; influences emotion, behavior and learning. Eye (organ of sight); Optic N. impulse from retina to thalamus to optic cortex in occipital lobe. 3 months-2 years our binocular vision develops from monocular.
Macula- concentration of receptors (rods and cones)
rods- react to varying light intensities (shades of grey)
cones- react to higher stimulus levels and react to colors
fovea- center of macula; only cones are concentrated here; similar to an adult by 4 months.

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12
Q

Describe the visual concepts/abilities of tracking, scanning, accommodation, figure-ground perception, depth perception and visual closure

A

tracking-present at birth (matures more at 6 months)- visual pursuit of object that crosses in front of the eye
scanning-moving from outside to inside of an object (newborns look at ouside of face; older infants move to look at inside face).
Accommodation-changes shape of lens; brings objects from distance into focus (begina at 1 month and improves over time)
figure-ground perception- what do you see? Vase or faces kissing; Figure (white)/ ground black)
depth perception- improves when crawling/creeping- visual cliff studies
visual closure-discern a shape if you only see part of it.

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13
Q

List/explain at least 3 intervention strategies used by PTs that depend on an intact visual system.

A

colors- dark/cool increase relaxation/ decrease tone
bright/hot colors increase arousal and tone
visual cueing-increases resting tone, effort, ROM, postural stability, and/or function in position.

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14
Q

Describe the olfactory system and explain a way it could be used to impact arousal or relaxation.

A

detection of chemical events that provide smell info. Can arouse, relax, or change mood. Used in conjunction with feeding. (doesn’t go through thalamus). Vanilla maybe relaxing.

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15
Q

Describe the gustatory system and explain how it could be used to impact arousal or relaxation.

A

taste before birth- taste buds reach maturity at 13 weeks GA. 4 primary tastes which can be relaxing, arousing, facilitory to oral motor function or elicit postural responses.

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16
Q

What is praxis?

A

ability to motor plan

17
Q

True or false: A decline in function of any sensory system results in modification of motor behavior.

A

True- not a decline in function- just a modification

18
Q

What changes are seen in the somatic senses with age? What is the PT implication of this?

A

Diminished ability to detect touch, vibration, temp, pain. Physiologically- skins growth rate, injury response, sensory perception and thermoregulation decline with age. Joint position sense declines with age (LE can impair balance.)

19
Q

What changes are seen in vestibular system with age? What is the PT implication of this?

A

dizziness and vertigo- (common over 50)- degeneration of hair cells. Neural changes in vestib nerve by 40s. –older adults w/ sensory deficits exhibit more falls- poor head control, poor coordination of eyes, fear of position changes, decreased balance and arousal issues.
Presbyastasis- age related decline in dynamic balance when no other pathology present.

20
Q

What changes are seen in the visual system with age? What is the PT implication of this?

A

Acuity increases in 20s-30s; stabilizes in 40s-50s then declines. (by 85 there is 80% loss in vision due to structural changes). Cataracts, color discrimination, loss of depth perception. Adaptation to light (6-7 min to respond to dark; 80 yr old 40 mins). Presbyopia- diminished ability to focus clearly at normal distances (thickening of lens- late 30-40s). PT implication: modify environment- lighting flooring- colored tape on edge of stairs. Etc.

21
Q

What changes are seen in the auditory system with age? What is the PT implication of this?

A

Presbycusis- age related decline in hearing acuity due to loss of sensory cells in inner ear. Speech processing, slowauditory decoding process. High freq tones (doorbells in 30s) 75% of 70 year olds take time to process what is said.

22
Q

What changes are seen in taste and smell with age? What is the PT implication of this?

A

loss of taste bud function and pressure detection on tongue, loss of smell has greater impact than taste. How do we feel with a cold- changes in taste of food. Eating not as pleasureable- poor nutrition.

23
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Allows interhemispheral communication

24
Q

Somesthesis

A

Skin sense- earliest system to develop; pressure, temp, pain and proprioception

25
Q

Saccadic eye movement

A

Ability to focus on numerous stationary objects in the environment: immature at birth