DEVELOPMENTAL TESTING and ASSESSMENT

Question 1

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

Screening Tool

Answer 1

designed to assess newborn’s responses to and effect on the environment
appropriate for use with child from 3 days to 2 mos. old
assesses infant’s organization in terms of physiological response to stress, state control (ranging from deep sleep to crying), motoric control, and social interaction
test results may have limited value due to plasticity of the CNS, but do provide info on current status of the child
proper administration, scoring and interpretation require direct training with an experienced tester
good validity and reliability

Question 2

Denver II

Screening Tool

Answer 2

• determines developmental deviations in children
  
  • yields a profile that includes gross motor, language, fine motor, adaptive and personal-social skills in children from birth to 6 years
  • approximately 20 age-appropriate items are given to a child and s/he is rated normal, abnormal, or questionable
  • has a high predictive value in identifying moderate to severe handicaps
  • revised and re-standardized in 1990 as the Denver II (previously the Denver Developmental Screening Test)
  • re-normed on 2000 children of diverse backgrounds
  • high reliability

Question 3

First STEP (Screening Test for Evaluating Preschoolers)
Screening Tool

Answer 3

First STEP (Screening Test for Evaluating Preschoolers)
a quick screening test for identifying developmental delays in all five areas defined by IDEA: cognition, communication, physical, social/emotional, and adaptive functioning; developed by a Lucy Miller, OT
games are fun and materials interesting
requires specialized training and certification to administer
takes about 15 minutes to administer
used for children 2 years 9 months to 6 years 2 months
normed and standardized on over 1400 children representative of US demographics
good reliability and validity
Spanish version available

Question 4

Clinical Observations of Motor and Postural Skills (COMPS), 2nd edition
Screening Tool

Answer 4

screens for subtle motor coordination problems
age range 5-15 years
takes 15-20 minutes
procedures are simple; only equipment needed comes with manual
sample size to calculate cut-off points very small, so results must be interpreted with caution
computer software program available for scoring

Question 5

Infant Development Inventory (replaces Minnesota Infant Development Inventory)
Screening Tool

Answer 5

a parent report measure with 60 items asking about child’s development, possible problems, and parent concerns
0-18 months
Not validated; norms only for white middle class
Available in English and Spanish

Question 6

Miller Assessment of Preschoolers (MAP)

Screening Tool

Answer 6

purpose is to identify children with mild to moderate developmental delays; looks at sensorimotor and cognitive skills; developed by Lucy Miller, OT
appropriate for children 2 years 9 month to 5 years 8 months
items creative and maintain interest of child
lengthy to administer; 30-40 minutes
good test-retest reliability and inter-rater reliability

Question 7

Ages and Stages Questionnaire, 3rd. ed (ASQ-3)

Screening Tool

Answer 7

questionnaires at ages 4,8,12,16,20,24,30,36,and 48 months; alternate forms at 6 and 18 months
appropriate for children 1 month to 5.5 years
each questionnaire contains 30 items in areas of fine motor, gross motor, communication, adaptive, and personal-social; about 6 items/area/age to assess
parent report measure completed in 10-15 minutes
normed on >15,000 children
Spanish version available
software available to administer on computer

Question 8

Developmental Indicators for the Assessment of Learning (DIAL)-3
Screening Tool

Answer 8

designed to identify problems in domains of gross motor, fine motor, self-help, concepts, and communication
takes about 20-30 minutes to administer
appropriate for children 3.0-6.11 years
available in English and Spanish
computer software available for scoring

Question 9

Revised Developmental Screening Inventory

Screening Tool

Answer 9

selected items from full Gesell
domains of gross motor, fine motor, adaptive, language, and personal-social
takes 15-20 minutes to administer
a paired parent report measure is available
appropriate for children 4 weeks to 36 months
concurrent validity only with Gesell

Question 10

Battelle Developmental Inventory Screening Test (BDIST)

Screening Tool

Answer 10

items derived from Battelle Developmental Inventory
2 items per age level in areas of personal-social, adaptive, gross motor, fine motor, receptive language, expressive language, and cognitive
has been adopted by several states for PL 99-457 (IDEA Part C) eligibility
takes 20 minutes to administer screening test
appropriate for children 1-8 years
limited psychometric data available on screening instrument

Question 11

Infant Motor Screen (IMS)
Screening Tool
children w/ disabilities

Answer 11

25 items measure quality of motor patterns in high risk infants: muscle tone, primitive reflexes, automatic reactions, and motor asymmetries
items scored on 3 point scale
appropriate for children with corrected age of 4-16 months
good inter-observer reliability; no normative data reported
good predictive validity at 4 and 8 months for children with CP

Question 12

Milani-Comparetti Motor Development Screening Test, 3rd ed.

Screening Tool

Answer 12

27 items measure spontaneous movement, automatic reactions and reflexes, sitting, standing, locomotion
original scoring system is descriptive; no total score obtained
appropriate in children birth to 24 months but less discriminating after 12 months of age
administered in 10-15 minutes, using no special equipment
excellent normative and reliability data
very limited predictive validity data

Question 13

Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Bayley III)

Infant/Child Motor Development Assessment Tools

Answer 13

consists of a mental and motor scale and a behavioral rating scale
assesses children 1 to 42 months
takes about 25-60 minutes to administer the entire test
is well standardized and reliable; not an easy test to learn and would initially require supervision of an experienced tester
cognitive items rely on fine motor responses
limited assessment of quality of movement
the most widely-used assessment in infant research

Question 14

Revised Gesell Developmental Assessment

Infant/Child Motor Development Assessment Tools

Answer 14

assesses gross motor, fine motor, language, personal-social and adaptive skills
evaluates an infant from 4 weeks to 36 months
requires 20-40 minutes to administer
re-standardized; fairly reliable and valid; may need assistance from an experienced tester when first using this tool

Question 15

Callier-Azusa Scale

Infant/Child Motor Development Assessment Tools

Answer 15

assesses the developmental level of children who are deaf-blind or severely or profoundly handicapped
appropriate for children ages birth through age 9
looks at child’s performance in motor development, perceptual development, daily living skills, cognition, communication and language, and social development
can be used to determine a child’s strengths and weaknesses

Question 16

Brigance Inventory of Early Development, Revised

Infant/Child Motor Development Assessment Tools

Answer 16

a comprehensive test measuring 11 major skill areas (i.e. pre-ambulatory motor skills and behaviors, gross motor skills, fine motor skills, self-help skills, speech/language, reading, writing, basic math)
evaluator can choose the most important areas to measure
to be used in children birth to 7 years
does not require specialized materials
not norm-referenced; no reliability data provided

Question 17

School Function Assessment (SFA)

Infant/Child Motor Development Assessment Tools

Answer 17

for children in kindergarten through 6th grade
purpose is to assess function in school setting and guide program planning for students with disabilities in school settings
criterion-referenced; measures participation in typical school setting, task supports (assistance or adaptations needed to perform skills), and activity performance, including physical and cognitive
reliability, validity and standardization good
results help with goal and intervention development
may take up to 2 hours to complete
allows input from variety of professionals

Question 18

Functional Independence Measure for Children (WeeFIM)

Infant/Child Motor Development Assessment Tools

Answer 18

actual performance of child to indicate severity of disability
assesses self-care, sphincter control, mobility, locomotion, communication, social, cognition, gross motor, fine motor, language, personal-social and adaptive areas
appropriate for children 6 months to 7 years
takes 10-20 minutes for parent interview
content validity reported; national database being established

Question 19

Hawaii Early Learning Profile (HELP)

Infant/Child Motor Development Assessment Tools

Answer 19

used to determine developmental level in areas of cognition, language, gross motor, fine motor, social and self-help areas
used on children from birth thru 36 months
criterion referenced

Question 20

Peabody Developmental Motor Scales (PDMS)

Infant/Child Motor Development Assessment Tools

Answer 20

consists of gross and fine motor scales from 1 month thru 6 years of age
allows for comparison of child’s performance with a normative sample of children at various age levels
offers guidelines for administering the test to children with handicaps
scoring allows crediting of emerging skills
excellent reliability; good validity
takes 45-60 minutes for GM and FM sections
Examiner must provide majority of test materials
does not address quality of movement

Question 21

Movement Assessment Battery for Children (Movement ABC)

Infant/Child Motor Development Assessment Tools

Answer 21

2 parts: performance test and checklist
performance test assesses manual dexterity, ball skills and static and dynamic balance
checklist assesses ADLs, mobility in environment, game playing
checklist is completed by parents or teachers; performance test is individually administered using standardized procedures and materials
age range 4 -12 years
takes 20-40 minutes
expensive
validity studies limited

Question 22

Movement Assessment of Infants (MAI)

Infant/Child Motor Development Assessment Tools

Answer 22

originally developed as a tool to identify infants up to 12 months of age at risk for CP, and monitor the effects of therapy
examines muscle tone, reflexes, automatic reactions of balance and equilibrium, and volitional gross and fine motor skills
requires extensive handling of child
criterion-referenced
takes about 45 minutes to administer
total risk scores at 10 or greater indicate increased risk for neuromotor abnormality;
fair reliability, validity data available
norms being established
high rates of false-positive results have been reported

Question 23

Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM)

Infant/Child Motor Development Assessment Tools

Answer 23

assesses very specific motor performance items in lying and rolling, sitting, crawling, kneeling, standing, walking, running and jumping; concerned with quality of movement
used to evaluate change in function of children with cerebral palsy, to describe level of functioning, and to assist in treatment planning
all ages 5 months to 16 years may be tested, but may be better suited for children 2-5 years
scoring based on how much of a task a child accomplishes normally; criterion referenced
inter-rater, intra-rater, test-retest reliability excellent
takes 45-60 minutes; computerized scoring program available

Question 24

Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI)

Infant/Child Motor Development Assessment Tools

Answer 24

assesses the functional ability and level of independence of chronically ill and disabled children 6 months thru 7.5 years of age
measures functional skill, capability and performance in 3 areas of: self-care, mobility and transfers, and social function as indicated by caregiver assistance and environmental modifications
administered in 20-60 minutes of observation of child, or through structured interview or parent report
standardized on normative sample of 412 children as well as clinical sample
good reliability and validity
computer software program available for scoring

Question 25

Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS)

Infant/Child Motor Development Assessment Tools

Answer 25

to assess postural control in supine, prone, sitting and standing; focuses on quality of movement
observation of infant’s spontaneous movement; minimal handling of infant
is required
used in children 0-18 months
takes 20-30 minutes
inter-rater reliability and concurrent validity good

Question 26

Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT-2)

Infant/Child Motor Development Assessment Tools

Answer 26

measures motor abilities of children ages 4 to 22 years
evaluates higher level motor skills
requires 45-60 minutes to administer
4 subtests include fine manual control, manual coordination, body coordination, and strength & agility
Instructions may be complicated and difficult for those with ID or language delays
a short form of the test is available that requires 15-20 minutes to administer
Inter-rater reliability for short and complete form is >0.9
good validity; can discriminate b/t children with DCD, PDD (i.e. autism)

Question 27

Sensory Integration and Praxis Tests (SIPT), formerly the Southern California Sensory Integration Tests (SCSIT)
Infant/Child Motor Development Assessment Tools

Answer 27

assesses vestibular proprioception, kinesthesia, tactile and visual areas via 17 subtests
designed to detect the presence of learning disabilities
standardized on 4 year to 9 year olds
can be given only by certified examiners, usually OTs or PTs that have undergone the training; expensive cost
takes 2 hours for entire battery
norm-referenced, fair reliability
not appropriate to use with children with severe neuromotor dysfunction