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Anatomy Midterm > Sensory, Motor & Intergrative Systems > Flashcards

Sensory, Motor & Intergrative Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe how information flows as a sensory input

A

From the PMS to the CNS

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2
Q

Describe how info flows as a motor output

A

From the CNS to the PNS

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3
Q

What is a sensation?

A

Conscious or subconscious awareness of external or internal stimuli

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4
Q

What is perception?

A

Conscious awareness and the interpretation of meaning of sensations

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5
Q

What is sensory modality?

A

each unique type of sensation

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6
Q

What are general senses?

A

Somatic and Visceral

Senses detected by tiny receptors scattered on the skin, muscles, tendons, joints, CT & mucosa

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7
Q

What do somatic sensory receptors detect?

A

Pressure, pain, temperature, touch, vibration & proprioception

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8
Q

What do visceral sensory receptors detect?

A

Changes in the conditions within the viscera (internal organs)
May include stretch, chemical changes ect.

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9
Q

What are the special senses?

5

A

1) Sight
2) Hearing
3) Taste
4) Smell
5) Equilibrium

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10
Q

What is sensory selectivity?

A

Each sensory receptor can only detect a specific sense

Uour ears cannot taste your food

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11
Q

What are the stages in the production of a sensation?

4

A

!) Stimulation of the sensory receptor

2) Transduction of the stimulus
3) Generation of nerve impulses
4) Integration of the sensory input

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12
Q

What does transduction do to the stimulus?

A

Transduction turns the original stimulus into a graded potential
Thus changing chemnical energy into electrical energy

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13
Q

How does the generation of nerve impuses occur (stage 3)?

A

The graded potential must be large enough to stimulate an action potential
First order neurons from the PNS to the CNS

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14
Q

Describe how the sensory output is integrated (stage 4)?

A

Sensory nerve impulses are integrated by various portions of the CNS
Mainly the cerebral cortex

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15
Q

What is the function of sensory receptors?

A

Respond to stimuli by converting the original stimulus into a nerve impulse

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16
Q

What is a graded response or receptor potential

A

produced when the stimulus is adequit

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17
Q

What is adaption?

A

If a stimulus is continuous the magnitude of the receptor potential generated will decrease over time
Therefore a larger stimulus will be needed in order to get the same response

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18
Q

What are “rapidly adapting receptors”?

3

A

Touch
Pressure
Smell

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19
Q

What are “slowly adapting receptors”?

3

A

Pain
Body position
Chemical conditions of the blood

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20
Q

Where are somatic sensory receptors found in high density’s?

3

A

Lips
Tip of tongue
Tips of fingers

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21
Q

How do we classify sensory receptors by location in the body
(3)

A

Exteroceptors
Visceroceptors/interoceptors
Proprioceptors

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22
Q

Describe Exteroceptors

A

Found on or very near to the body surface
Detect stimuli from the external environmeny
Include receptors for special senses, cutaneous receptors for touch, pressure, pain & temperature.

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23
Q

Describe visceroceptors/interceptors

A

Found internally within the viscera
Found in BV’s, Muscles, NS & visceral organs
Monitors the bodies internal environment by detecting changes in chemicals, stretch, pressure & body temp
Also includes sensations of hunger & thirst

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24
Q

What are proprioceptors?

A

Specialized receptors
Found in skeletal muscles, joins, capsules, the inner ear & tendons ONLY
They respond to muscle stretch and movement to help orientate us in space

2 types

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25
What are the types of proprioceptors? | 2
1) Tonic proprioceptors | 2) Phasic proprioceptors
26
What are tonic proprioceptors?
non- adaptive | they tell where the body is when the body is at rest (not moving)
27
What are phasic proprioceptors?
Rapidly adaptive | They tell where the body is while its moving
28
How are sensory receptors catagorized by the stimulus detected? (5)
1) Mechanoreceptors 2) Chemoreceptors 3) Nociceptors 4) Thermoreceptors 5) Photoreceptors
29
Describe Chemoreceptors
Respond to chemical change | Used for detecting sensations of smell, detect blood sugar levels, blood, pH, and blood O2
30
What are nociceptors?
Respond to potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain | A defensive warning signal for the body
31
What are thermoreceptors?
Respond to changes in temperature | Help monitor core body temp. and the temp. on the skins surface
32
What are photoreceptors?
Respond to light energy Found in the retina of the eye In human eye--> can only respond to light energy on the "visible spectrum"
33
How are sensory receptors catagorized by structural complexity at the microscopic level? (3)
Free nerve endings Encapsulated nerve endings Seperate cells
34
Describe free nerve endings
``` Simplest, most common foudn everywhere bare dendrites structural complexities visible under light microscore mostly respond to pain, temp, itching, tickleing, and some touch ```
35
What are encapsulated nerve endings?
Receptor structure is enclosed in a specialized CT capsule & has distinct structural complexities Almost all are mechanoreceptors ex. Pacinion corpuscle & meissners corpuscle
36
What is Pacinion corpuscle?
A lamellated receptor that detects deep pressure
37
What is Meissner's corpuscle?
Detects tactile touch & discriminative touch
38
What are receptors that are special cells?
Used for detecting special senses A seperate receptor cell synapses with a first - prder sensory neuron (chemical synapse) Found in hair cells (hearing & equilibrium) gustatory chemoreceptors in taste buds, photoreceptors in the eye
39
What are the modalities that make up somatic sensations | 4
Tactile (touch) Temperature Pain Proprioception
40
What are tactile sensations sensed with? | 2
Encapsulated --> touch, pressure, vibration --> use "A fibres" Free nerve endings --> itch, tuckle, touch --> use "C fibres"
41
What are the rapidly adapting touch receptors?
1) Meissner's corpuscle | 2) Hair root plexuses
42
Describe Meissner's corpuscles
Detect fine touch Found in the dermal papillaw of hairless skin Density distributed on hands, eyelids, tip of the tongue, lips, nipples, soles, and external genitalia
43
Describe hair root plexuses
Free nerve endings wrapped around hair follicles & detect movement of the hair caused by wind, water etc.
44
What are the types of slow adapting touch receptors? | 2
Merkel Disc's | Ruffini's Corpuscles
45
What are merkel disks?
Free nerve endings with contacts to Merkel cells in the epidermis' stratum basale. They are type II mechanoreceptors that are densest in the lips, hands, fingertips, and external genetalia
46
What are Ruffini's corpuscles?
A type II cuaneous mechanoreceptor Found in ligaments, tendons, the deep portion od the dermis densest on soles and hands respond to stretching due to movement
47
Describe pressure
Not well localized precieved over a large surface Produced as a result of a disturbance in deeper tissue (great force needed) Type II mechanoreceptor such as a lamellated encapsulated nerve endings and touch corpuscles
48
Where are pressure receptors found?
1) dermis & subcutaneous layers 2) beneath the mucus & the serous membranes 3) aroud the muscles, joints % tendons 4) periostium 5) mammary gland & external genitalia 6) some Viscera (pancrea & bladder)
49
Describe Vibration
Felt by tactile receptors that produce a series of rapid, repeditory nerve impulses Detect vibration = corpuscles of touch & the pacinan vibrations
50
Describe itch
Occus when certain chemicals in the body stimulate free nerve endings These include: Bradykinins, protaglodins & other chemicals released during an inflammatory response
51
Describe tickle
Produced when someone touches you, stimulating free nerve endings & lamellated corpuscles.
52
Where are cold temp. receptors found?
Closer to the surface of the body because most of the time, cooling of the body is due to external influences.
53
Describe thermal/temperature sensations
Produced by thermoreceptors which respond to changing temperature
54
Where are warm receptors foud?
in the dermis because most of the time the body over heating is due to external influences Send info via "C-Fibres" They respond to 32°C to 48°C
55
Where are cold receptors found?
Epidermis (stratum basale) Spend input via "B fibres" React to 10°C-40°C
56
What are nociceptors?
Receptors that detect pain | Free of nerve endings
57
Do nociceptors display adaption?
Little to none | because a stimulation that could cause damage should NOT be ignored
58
What can activate nociceptors?
High intense stimulation of other receptors such as temperature, touch, pressure or chemical stimuli
59
What are the types of pain? | 2
Fast pain | Flow pain
60
Describe fast pain
pain that is elicited within 0/sec of stimulation (immediately) uses medium-diameter, myelinated neurons Acute, sharp & pricking pain" Not felt in deep tissues
61
What is slow pain
Pain that sets in/or more seconds after Once started it will increase Uses small-diameter, unmyelinated neurons Described as chronic, burning, churning, & aching
62
Where is superficial somatic pain detected?
Cia the nocireceptors in the skin
63
Where is the deep somatic pain detected?
By the nociceoptors located in the deeper tissues, such as joints, tendons, fasia & skeletal muscles
64
Where does viscera pain arise from?
nocireceptors found in the visceral organs are stimulated & can be particularly difficult & hard to bear
65
What time of pain is easy/difficult to localize?
Fast paion = easy to localize Slow pain = Can be localized well but over a larger area Slow Visceral pain =- can be localized percisely but can be felt on the skin
66
What is proprioceptian?
Permits us to have knowledge of where our body uis located without visual clues
67
What determines the orientation of our head?
Determined by the hair cells int he inenr ear that detect where the head is in relation to the ground & the body This is how we can perform complex skeletal movements & visual coordination (dressing, typing etc)
68
What is Kinaesthesia?
Perception of body movements
69
What are the types of preprioceptors? | 3
Muscle Spindles Tendon organs Joint kinaesthic receptors
70
Decsribe: muscle spindles
Found in skeletal muscles & respond to the degree of stretch in those muscles & allow the brain to set muscle tone
71
Describe: Tendon organs
Found where a tendon is joined to a muscle | prevents the over-stretching/damage to the skin
72
Describe join kinasthetic receptors
Foud in the articular capsules of synovial join & respond tyo the pressure that is impacting the joint capsule itself.

Anatomy Midterm (6 decks)

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