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Anatomy Midterm > The Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

The Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the majour function of autonomic sensory receptors?

A

Detecting the internal environmental conditions in the body

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2
Q

What is the function of chemoreceptors?

A

assessing blood (CO2), blood pH & blood glucose

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3
Q

What is the function of mechanoreceptors?

A

detecting the degree of stretch in the walls of BV’s and organs

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4
Q

what is the function of nociceptors?

A

detecting visceral pain

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5
Q

Where are the motor effectors in the ANS found? (3)

A
  1. Smooth muscle
  2. Cardiac muscle
  3. Glands
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6
Q

Can tissue function continue if there is nerve damage to an ANS-controlled tissue?

A

yes.
The beart beats on its own even if nerves to it are severed or damaged.
Some glands secrete even without ANS control

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7
Q

Describe an ANS motor unit

A

2 - neuron chain

  1. preganglic neuron
  2. postganglionic neuron
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8
Q

Describe the functions of the preganglionic & postganglionic neurons

A

Impluses leave the CNS via a prehanglionic neuron, which then synapses with the postganglionic neuron which then synapses with the effector

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9
Q

Where are the cell bodies of postganglionic neurons found?

A

Outside the CNS

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10
Q

What is another name for cell-bodies of postganglionic neurons?

A

autpnomic ganglia or motor ganglia

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11
Q

Describe the preganglionic neuron

A

extends from the CNS to the autonimic ganglion.
thin & lightly myelinated
CCell body is in the CNS

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12
Q

Describe the axon of the prehanglionic neuron

A

it forms part of the spinal or cranial nerve as it lewaves the CNS

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13
Q

what is the neurotransmitter thats preganglionic neurons produce?

A

acetylcholine (Ach)

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14
Q

Describe the postganglionic neuron

A

Extends from the preganglionic neuron to the effector.
Thinner & unmyelinated.
Entirely outside the CNS

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15
Q

What are the 2 branches of the ANS and motor division?

A
  1. Sympathetic (thoracolumbar)

2. parasympathetic (craniosacral)

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16
Q

What is the majour function of the sympathetic NS?

A

Emergency response

When there is a real or percieved threat on homeostasis

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17
Q

What is the fight or flight response?

A

when the body is under stress it either fights or flees from this stress.
Occus because of the sympathetic NS

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18
Q

What are the sympathetic responses?

A

Higher/increased: heart rate, BP, blood sugar, BPM, sweat
Dialated pupils & bronchi
Constriction of BV’s
Slowed digestion & urine production
Stimulation of adrenal gland (release of epinephren)

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19
Q

Where are the preganglionic neaurons foudn in the sympathetic NS?

A

The dendrites & ceoll bodies are found within the lateral grey horns in the thoracis & lumbar segments of the spinaal cord

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20
Q

How many postganglionic neurons does one preganglionic neuron synapse to?

A

multiple

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21
Q

What does cholinergic mean?

A

the type of neurons found in the sympathetic NS because acetylcholine is used.

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22
Q

Where is the sympathetic chain ganglia found?

A

extend from the C2 to the coccyx

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23
Q

Are presympathetic neurons long or short?

A

short

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24
Q

Are the preganglionic neurons myelinated?

A

yes

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25
Are the postganglion neurons myelinated?
no
26
Where are the cell bodies & dendrites of postganglionic neurons found?
in the sympathetic chain ganglia
27
Where are the axons of the postganglionic neurons foud?
Very long. | Extend from the sympathetic chain ganglia to the effector cells
28
What are the 3 ways in which preganglionic & postganglionic neurons synapse?
1. Preganglionic axon with poostganglionic neuron at the first gonglion entered 2. Preganflionic axon may go up or down the chain of sympathetic chain ganglia to arrive at ganglia above/below its original exit point from the cord & synapse with postganglionic neurons at the new location 3. The preganglionic neuron will continue & synapse at a secondary ganglia with multiple post-ganglionic neurons (this makes it wide spread & invlove many organs.
29
What are the types of postganglionic neurons?
1. Adrenergic | 2. Cholinergic
30
What is the most common type of postganglionic neuron?
Adrenergic
31
What do adrenergic neurons release?
norepinephrine (Nepi)
32
How is the adrenal gland stimulated?
When there is prolonged sympathetic activity
33
What does the adrenal gland produce?
norepinephrine & epinephrine
34
What are the types of adrenergic receptors? (2)
1. Alpha | 2. Beta
35
What are alpha receptors stimulated by?
Norepinephrine (Nepi)
36
What are the 2 subtypes of alpha receptors?
1. ⌥1 | 2. ⌥2
37
What are the subtypes based upon?
their precise response to NT (nervous tissue) and various drugs that can inhibit or activate them.
38
What does ⌥1 receptors produce?
The stimulation/excitation of the effector
39
Where are ⌥1 receptors found?
on the plasma membranes of smooth muscle cells in the BV walls
40
What do ⌥1 receptors cause?
constriction of smooth muscle & constriction of blood vessels
41
what is the function of ⌥2 receptors?
they bind with Nepi/epi & cause the inhibition of the effector
42
What are BETA receptors stimulated by?
epi/nepi
43
What are the subtypes of BETA receptors? (3)
1. ⌥1 2. ⌥2 3. ⌥3
44
What is the ultimate influence of epi/nepi?
depends on which receptors are present on the effectors cells
45
Describe ⌥2 BETA receptors
INHIBITED by epi, nepi Found in plasma membranes in smooth muscle cells & in BV walls. Therefore epi/nepi causes these cells to relax
46
Describe ⌥1 BETA receptors
STIMULATED by epi/nepi Found in cardiac muscle cells When epi binds to these receptors the cardiac muscle is stiumlated/excited producing an increased heart rate.
47
What is the function of drugs called "beta-blockers"
They block the beta receptors | Therefore lower HR & BP
48
What is the parasympathetic NS also known as?
"rest & repair" or "rest & digest"
49
What are some parasympathetic responses?
``` lower HE & BP Increased digestion & urine production/elimination Dialation of cornary BV's Constriction of pupils & bronchioles Increased secretion of tears & saliva ```
50
Where are preganglionic neurons found in the parasympathetic NS?
the dendrites & cell bodies are found in brain stem nuclei & in the lateral grey horns of the 2nd - 4th sacral segments of the spinal cord "craniosacral division"
51
Where do the preganglionic & postganglionic neurons synapse in the parasympathetic NS?
At the terminal ganglia | Close to effectors far from CNS
52
Describe preganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division
Long axons Synapse to a single postganglionic neuron = single effector Therefore localized
53
Describe the postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic NS
Tend to be short | Cell bodies & dendrites are found in the ganglia/terminal ganglia which are embedded effector
54
What is the ONLY neurotransmitter used in the parasympathetic NS?
Acetylcholine (Ach)
55
What are the types of cholinergic receptors?
1. Nicotine | 2. Muscarine
56
What is the function of cholinergic neurons?
release Ach at their synapse with sweat glands | Therfore it stimulates the production & secretion of sweat glands
57
where are cholinergic receptors found?
In plasma membranes of cells making up the sweat glands
58
Where are nicotine receptors foud?
on the postganglionic neurons is both the sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous systems ALSO found in the skeletal muscle cells at the neuromuscular junctions
59
What effect doers Ach have on nicotinic and muscarine receptors?
nicotine --> stimulte/excite the cell containing the receptors Muscarinic --> stimulation/excitement or INHIBITION
60
How can the action of the neurotransmitter be determined?
1. Reuptake of the neurotransmitter | 2. Enzyme breakdown
61
How can enzymes be broken down?
ACETYLCHOLINE (Ach) --> ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE | NEPI --> Catechol - 0 - methyltranferase (COMT) or (MAO)
62
What is the function of the hypothalamus with the ANS?
Somatic senses, visceral autonomic sensary imput plus smell/taste
63
What is the function of the limbic system?
Sends emotional imput to the hypothalamus
64
Where does the hypothalamus send motor signals?
1> autonomic control centers in the brainstem (cardiac & respitory control centers) 2. Spinal cord (defication turination reflex centers)
65
Describe what parts of the hypothalamus parts of the hypothalamus control the sympathetic & parasympathetic divisions?
``` Sympathetic = posterior & lateral parasympathetic = Anterior & medial ```

Anatomy Midterm (6 decks)

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