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Systems Exam 1 > Sepsis and Microbial Infections Part 1 > Flashcards

Sepsis and Microbial Infections Part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the target blood cell and entry receptor for the EBV virus?

A
  • B lymphocytes
  • CD21 receptor
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2
Q

what is the target blood cell and entry receptor for the B19V virus?

A
  • erythroid progenitors
  • P blood antigen receptor
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3
Q

what is the target blood cell and entry receptor for the HIV-1 virus?

A
  • CD4+ T lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells
  • CD4+, CCR5/CXCR4
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4
Q

what is the target blood cell and entry receptor for the HTLV-1 virus?

A
  • CD4+ T lymphocytes, CD8+ T lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells
  • HSPG, NRP-1, GLUT 1
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5
Q

What is the classification of the EBV virus?

A
  • herpes virus, dsDNA, enveloped
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6
Q

what is the classification of the B19V virus?

A

parvovirus, ssDNA, non-enveloped

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7
Q

what is the classification of the HIV-1 and HTLV-1 viruses?

A

retroviruses, ssRNA RT, enveloped

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8
Q

what is the prevalence and transmission of the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV=HSV-4)?

A
  • one of the most common human viruses (9/10 adults seropositive)
  • spreads through oropharyngeal secretions, mainly saliva
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9
Q

what is the primary infection and disease that occurs with EBV?

A
  • mostly asymptomatic in early childhood where 1 in 4 teenagers develops infectious mononucleosis (mono aka kissing disease)
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10
Q

is there a vaccine for EBV?

A

no, it establishes a lifelong infection

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11
Q

how does the EBV infection spread?

A

tonsillar epithelium and B lymphocytes

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12
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of EBV?

A

fatigue, fever, inflamed throat, swollen lymph nodes, enlarged spleen, swollen liver,rash leukoplakia in immunocompromised, greyish-white exudate lasting 2-4 weeks

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13
Q

how long does EBV survive?

A

survives on an object as long as it remains moist

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14
Q

when you first get EBV, you can spread it for

A

weeks and even before you have symptoms

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15
Q

Who is at highest risk for severe complications from EBV infection?

A

People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of developing more severe symptoms and complications

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16
Q

What types of cancers are associated with EBV?

A
  • Burkitt lymphoma
  • Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC)
  • B-cell lymphomas (especially in immunocompromised patients)
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17
Q

Besides cancer, what major autoimmune disorder is linked to EBV?

A

Multiple sclerosis (MS) — EBV infection has been strongly associated with increased risk of developing MS

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18
Q

What are some complications of EBV infection?

A
  • Peritonsillar abscesses
  • Acute bacterial sinusitis
  • Suppurative lymph nodes
  • Mastoiditis
  • Sialadenitis
  • Blockage of airways in the nose and throat
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19
Q

What are key markers used to detect EBV infection?

A
  • Viral capsid antigen (VCA): IgM
  • Early antigen (EA): IgG, falls to undetectable levels after 3-6 months
  • EBV nuclear antigen (EBNA)
  • Atypical lymphocytes (cytotoxic T cells)
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20
Q

What are heterophile antibodies, and how are they related to EBV?

Study These Flashcards
A

produced due to polyclonal B cell activation by EBV and are nonspecific immunoglobulins that can be detected in tests like the Monospot test

21
Q

what is the treatment and recovery for EBV?

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A
  • most people get better in 2-4 weeks
  • no specific treatment or vaccine
22
Q

how do you prevent an EBV infection ?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • avoid kissing, sharing food/drink, sharing personal items and having sex with an infected person
  • wash hands after touching anything that was in contact with infected saliva
23
Q

what is the prevalence and transmission of B19V?

Study These Flashcards
A

very common; 30-60% of adults and 90% of adults >60 years old
- spreads through respiratory secretions like saliva, mucus, sputum

24
Q

what is the primary infection and disease that occurs with B19V?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Flu like symptoms followed by erythema infectiosum, most people get infected in childhood
  • In children causes mild disease ”fifth disease”=“slap cheek”, in adults polyathralgia-artritis syndrome
25
Does B19V remain in the body for life or is it completely cleared?
completely cleared
26
is there a vaccine for B19V?
no
27
How does B19V (Parvovirus B19) spread?
infects red blood cell progenitors and endothelial cells and after respiratory entry, it replicates, spreads via the bloodstream (viremia), and targets the bone marrow, stalling erythrocyte production for ~1 week
28
What are the early symptoms of B19V infection (Stage 1)?
Flu-like illness with malaise, headache, myalgia, and runny nose (rhinorrhea)
29
What is the classic rash seen in B19V (Stage 2)?
“Slapped cheek” rash that spreads to the trunk, arms, and legs - usually appears around day 5 of infection and lasts 1–2 weeks
30
What is “Gloves and socks syndrome” in B19V?
rare B19V presentation causing a painful, red rash on hands and feet, resembling gloves and socks
31
Who is at high risk for complications from Parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection?
- Pregnant women (if not immune): Can cause fetal anemia and hydrops fetalis, but does not cause congenital anomalies - Immunocompromised patients: At risk for chronic B19 infection leading to anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia
32
How is B19 virus diagnosed, treated, and prevented?
- Diagnosis: Detection of IgG and IgM antibodies by ELISA, RIA, or IFA; PCR can confirm viremia - Treatment: No specific antiviral therapy is currently available - Prevention: No routine prevention; a vaccine is in Phase I trials
33
what is the prevalence and transmission of HIV-1?
affects 40 million people worldwide and 1.2 million in the US - spreads through bodily fluids mainly blood, but also breast milk, semen and vaginal fluids
34
what is the primary infection and disease for HIV-1?
- Flu like symptoms followed by asymptomatic clinical latency (10-15 years), most people get infected in adulthood - If untreated progresses to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
35
What are the major phases of HIV-1 infection over time?
- Acute HIV syndrome: Rapid drop in CD4+ T cells, high viral load - Clinical latency: CD4 count slowly declines; virus still active - AIDS: CD4+ count <200, opportunistic infections, high viral load, leads to death without treatment
36
What happens to HIV levels with antiretroviral therapy (ART/HAART)?
ART suppresses viral load to undetectable levels, but virus rebounds if treatment is stopped - Suppressing the virus keeps patients healthy and prevents transmission (U=U)
37
Why can’t ART cure HIV?
ART only targets actively replicating virus so HIV that is integrated into host DNA (provirus) remains hidden and unaffected by drugs, allowing viral persistence
38
Why is it difficult to cure HIV-1?
HIV forms long-lived reservoirs in latently infected resting memory CD4+ T cells, which can persist for months to years (half-life ~9 months). These cells silently carry integrated HIV DNA and evade treatment
39
What cells can HIV-1 infect?
- CD4+ T cells - Monocytes/Macrophages/Dendritic cells - Microglia (brain macrophages) - Astrocytes, pericytes (non-productive infection)
40
What are the detection windows for different HIV tests?
- NAT (Nucleic Acid Test): 10–33 days - Antigen/Antibody Lab Test: 18–45 days - Rapid Antigen/Antibody Test: 18–90 days - Antibody-only Test: 23–90 days
41
What is the risk of occupational HIV transmission based on the type of exposure?
- Body fluid splashes: Near zero risk, even with blood - Fluid on intact skin/mucous membranes: Extremely low risk, even if blood is involved - Needlestick (percutaneous) injury: Risk is <1%
42
what is the prevelance and transmission of HTLV-1
- affects 5-10 million people worldwide and 0.26 million people in the US - spreads through bodily fluids mainly blood, but also breast milk, semen and vaginal fluids
43
what is the primary infection and disease of HTLV-1?
- Infection is usually asymptomatic, most people get infected in adulthood - ~5% of infected people develop ATL (adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma), and ~2% HAM/TSP (HTLV- associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis)
44
How does HTLV-1 spread and infect the body?
- Via mucosa, blood, or bone marrow - Infects CD4+ T cells, dendritic cells, and progenitor cells and spreads to lymph nodes, blood, and CNS where it can lead to ATLL (Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma) and HAM/TSP (HTLV-1 associated myelopathy)
45
How does HTLV-1 persist in the host?
through clonal expansion of infected T cells, not by producing free virus - The virus maintains or increases its copy number in the chronic phase via infected cell proliferation.
46
What is ATL in the context of HTLV-1 infection?
- Affects ~5% of HTLV-1-infected people - Occurs decades after infection, typically in people >50 years old - Most patients were infected in infancy
47
What is HAM/TSP in HTLV-1?
HAM/TSP = HTLV-1–Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis - Affects 0.2–2% of infected individuals - A chronic inflammatory disease of the spinal cord that causes leg weakness, back pain, urinary symptoms - May progress slowly (~5–50 yrs) or rapidly after transfusion/transplant
48
How can healthcare workers prevent occupational transmission of bloodborne viruses like HTLV-1?
- Assume all body fluids are infectious - Use gloves, goggles, and barriers - Wash hands/skin immediately after contact - Dispose of sharps in a sharps container - Follow standard precautions and use needle-stick prevention devices

Systems Exam 1 (20 decks)

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