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zDrugs 2020 > Serotonergic Hallucinogens > Flashcards

Serotonergic Hallucinogens Flashcards

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1
Q

which drug is most identified with the term ‘hallucinogen?’

A

LSD

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2
Q

what does LSD stand for?

A

lysergic acid diethylamide

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3
Q

what is the trade name for LSD?

A

delysid

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4
Q

who first synthesized LSD?

A

Albert Hoffman, swiss chemist

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5
Q

what was being studied when LSD was first synthesized?

A

studying derivatives of the ergot fungus, in vasoconstrictive action, giving muscle tone to the uterus

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6
Q

what is ergot?

A

a fungus found on variety of grains (ex. wheat, rye)

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7
Q

was LSD created on purpose?

A

no

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8
Q

what ergot derivative is LSD?

A

the 25th

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9
Q

what other derivative was discovered alongside LSD?

A

methergine- controls uterine bleeding and muscle tone

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10
Q

how much LSD did hoffman ingest initially to study the effects?

A

250 micrograms

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11
Q

what is the minimum psychoactive dose of LSD?

A

the size/weight of a grain of salt

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12
Q

who coined the term ‘psychedelic’?

A

Dr. Humphrey Osmond

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13
Q

what did the government think LSD could be used for?

A

interrogations

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14
Q

who did research on LSD in the 60s at Harvard?

A

Dr. Leary and Alpert

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15
Q

when was LSD used in psychotherapy?

A

50’s and 60s

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16
Q

what was the rationale of using LSD in psychotherapy?

A

could more openly communicate feelings and be more receptive of theraputic suggestions

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17
Q

when was LSD made illegal in the US?

A

1966

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18
Q

when did the rise of LSD use rise exponentially?

A

‘67 to ‘71

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19
Q

how much did LSD use rise (%) after it became illegal?

A

from 1% to 18%

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20
Q

what forms can LSD be found in?

A

tablets or absorbent paper

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21
Q

what is the normal street dose of LSD?

A

50micrograms

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22
Q

what was the dose of LSD at its peak use?

A

200 micrograms

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23
Q

what are the first symptoms of LSD taking effect?

A

activation of the sympathetic nervous system -sweating, tremour, ^ body temp etc

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24
Q

what is the most visual index of LSD’s hallucinogenic effect?

A

dilated pupils

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25
what is the unexpected symptom of LSD?
analgesia (not feeling pain)
26
what are object trails?
where there is perceptual residue of an object moving around
27
what is the first effect of LSD onset?
wave/rhythmic movements
28
what are form constants?
patterned forms that all users experience: seeing lattices, honeycombbs, spirals, funnels, tunnels, etc
29
what is synaesthesia?
where another sense is perceived by another ex. seeing sounds (coloured music notes) or see/hear tastes
30
what is the time perception distortions experienced with LSD?
small moments feeling very long
31
what is ego disintegration?
hard to distinguish self from environment (ex. melted into the couch, or feel like they have become air)
32
why does LSD have the ego disintegration effect?
due to the analgesic effect, whole body was numb
33
what are bad trips?
panic attacks during the drug effects, feeling like the effect is permanent
34
who is most likely to experience bad trips?
novice users, mentally disturbed ppl, or unknowingly consumed it
35
which hallucinogen is least likely to produce bad trips?
LSD (3%)
36
what are flashbacks?
unexpected psychedelic experiences long after the use of LSD
37
what is the rate of occurrence of flashbacks in LSD users?
33%
38
what is hallucinogen persisting perception disorder? (HPPD)
a long lasting, distressing, reversible psychedelic experience lasting well after drug use
39
whats the prevalence of HPPD in users?
4%
40
can LSD be fatal?
the LD50 of LSD is 300x the minimum dose (14milligrams vs 50 micrograms)
41
does tolerance occur to hallucinogenic effects of LSD?
yes, as little as 3-4 days with daily exposure
42
what contributes to the development of tolerance in LSD?
pavlovian conditioning
43
can you develop physical dependence on LSD?
no, there is no withdrawal symptoms /syndrome
44
does LSD cause brain damage in chromosomes?
no evidence in increased birth defects vs normal ppl
45
how do serotonergic hallucinogens create hallucinogenic effects?
they act as an agonist on senotonergic neurons
46
which neurons does LSD act on?
acts as an agonist at the PREsynaptic 5-HT1, on the serotonin neurons in the raphe nuclei
47
where are the serotonin neurons found?
the raphe nuclei, part of the ARAS
48
what is the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)?
filters sensory information (LSD interferes, therefore sensory distortions)
49
how does LSD mainly produce effects on the body?
has agonistic action at the 5-HT2 (or 5-HT2a) receptors
50
does LSD take effect on 5-HT1 or 5-HT2?
BOTH ahahah
51
what is lysergic acid amide?
naturally occuring hallucinogen similar to LSD
52
where is lysergic acid amide found in nature?
ergot( a fungus on moldy grains)
53
what is ergot also known as?
cockspur
54
what plant contains lysergic acid amide?
morning glory seeds
55
what hallucinogenic did the aztecs use in ceremonies?
morning glory seeds
56
what is Holyfire/ St. Anthony's fire?
lysergic acid amide | (hallucinogen seeds) used by Greek Oracles
57
why was holyfire given its name?
lysergic acid amide found in infected bread induces vasoconstriction -restricted bloodflow creates a warm sensation
58
can using holyfire be dangerous?
yes, vasoconstriction long enough can kill the limb and it will fall off
59
what was the history of st. anthony and holyfire>
a religious order under st. anthony treated ppl affected by hallucinogen-infected bread
60
how did st. anthony cure the holyfire?
people who were treated were separated from the infected bread source therefore 'cured'
61
what is ergotism?
behaviour caused by ingestion of ergot
62
where was the modern outbreak of ergotism?
russia 1926, french town in 1951
63
what characteristics accompany 'holy fire' in ergotism??
tingling skin, convulsions, hallucinations
64
what is the potency of lysergic acid amide compared to LSD?
1/10 potency
65
what is psilocybin's chemical name?
4-phosphoryl-dimethyltryptamine
66
where is psilocybin naturally found?
mushrooms in mexico and central america
67
what is the aspect of psilocybin that occurs in the mushrooms?
tryptamine, an alkaloid that is similar to what the body needs to synthesize serotonin
68
what neurotransmitter does psilocybin represent?
serotonin
69
how much psilocybin consumption is required for an effect?
psychoactive effect: 4 -8mg | over 15mg for hallucinogenic effects
70
who isolated psilocybin in 1958?
hoffman
71
which ancient group of people used psilocybin?
aztec and mayans, called the mushrooms 'flesh of the gods'
72
what is the onset and duration of psilocybin?
30 min, duration of 2-6 hrs
73
how is psilocybin processed in the body?
converted to a lipid soluble active agent called psilocin
74
does tolerance occur to psilocybin?
yes, and cross tolerance to other hallucinogens
75
what is the common street name for psilocybin?
shrooms
76
where is Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) found?
the plant group virola /piptadenia peregrina
77
where is natural dimethyltryptamine (DMT) found in the world?
jungles of south/central america
78
what is an entheogen?
natural substances that produce mystical or religious experiences
79
what is used as an entheogen in south/central america?
DMT (dimethyltryptamine)
80
what does virola plant look like?
a reddish bark
81
how is DMT consumed?
reddish bark is used as snuff
82
what is the onset and duration of DMT?
10 sec onset, peak effects 15 min, duration just an hour
83
what happens if you drink DMT?
not effective, gets metabolized by monoamine oxidase
84
how to make DMT effective when drinking it?
consume another drink containing harmaline alkaloids at the same time as DMT drink, counteracts monoamine oxidase which breaks down DMT
85
what is ayahuasca?
common indigenous DMT drink
86
what treatment is ayahuasca used for?
treating PTSD
87
what effects does ayahuasca create?
otherworldly experience, numbness, hallucinations, excitability
88
what is the chemical name for bufotenine?
5 hydroxy DMT
89
where is bufotenine found?
plants in haiti/venezuela, 'dream fish', and toads
90
how is bufotenine ingested?
snuff or licking toads, smoking dried secretions
91
how do indigenous people use bufotenine?
snuff
92
what makes bufotenine an unappealing hallucinogenic drug?
stronger sympathetic arousal than other hallucinogens
93
what is the unique side effect of bufotenine?
cyanosis - skin turns blue/purple

zDrugs 2020 (14 decks)

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