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Server+ > Server Operating Systems and Server Roles > Flashcards

Server Operating Systems and Server Roles Flashcards

1
Q

server roles (planning)

A
  • determine if multiple roles will be located on the same server or dispersed across multiple servers
  • cloud VMs can offer services to other cloud devices/internet consumers/on-premise devices
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2
Q

configuring on-premise connections with VMs

A
  • site-to-site VPN connections

- dedicated connections from on-premise networks to cloud provider networks (bypass internet)

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3
Q

DHCP

A
  • dynamic host configuration protocol
  • delivers central IP settings to network nodes
  • can run on a server OS or as a service on a router
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4
Q

DCHP port numbers

A
  • UDP 67 (listens for client requests)

- UDP 68 (sends responses to client requests)

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5
Q

DHCP scopes

A
  • IP settings grouped into a manageable unit
  • must be activated before they can be used in DHCP process
  • IP address ranges
  • IP address exclusions
  • IP address lease duration
  • default gateway
  • DNS servers
  • DHCP reservation
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6
Q

DHCP vendor classes

A
  • apply specific IP settings to certain types of network devices
  • must determine what vendor class data is included in network transmission
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7
Q

APIPA

A
  • automatic private IP addressing
  • clients use to assign itself a unique address on the LAN when can’t reach DHCP server
  • client not able to communicate outside the LAN
  • can only communicate with other APIPA hosts within the LAN
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8
Q

link-local address

A
  • used in IPv6
  • unique self-assigned address
  • always bound to network interface whether or not DHCP is reachable
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9
Q

considerations for choosing DHCP configuration

A
  • determine which valid IP address ranges can be used
  • short lease duration in environments where clients connect for short periods of time
  • try to specify at least 2 default gateways for redundancy
  • try to specify at least 2 DNS servers for redundancy
  • configure DHCP bindings for correct network interface in multihomed (multiple network card) DHCP servers
  • high availability
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10
Q

DNS

A
  • find IP address for FQDN (forward lookup)

- find FQDN for IP address (reverse lookup)

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11
Q

DNS port number

A

listens on port 53 (UDP/TCP)

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12
Q

DNS domains

A
  • root domain at top
  • TLDs (.com/.org/.net/etc)
  • domains can have subdomains
  • subdomains may have their own authoritative DNS servers
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13
Q

SOA (DNS RR)

A
  • start of authority
  • contains zone details i.e. serial number/refresh interval
  • can exist in forward and reverse lookup zones
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14
Q

A (DNS RR)

A
  • forward lookup record
  • FQDN included in query
  • IPv4 address returned
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15
Q

AAAA (DNS RR)

A
  • forward lookup record
  • FQDN included in query
  • IPv6 address returned
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16
Q

CNAME (DNS RR)

A
  • canonical name record/alias record
  • additional name for an existing name
  • can be used in forward/reverse lookup zones
  • return FQDN that can be resolved via an A record
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17
Q

MX (DNS RR)

A
  • mail exchanger
  • used for email domain suffixes to locate an SMTP mail server
  • return FQDN that can be resolved via an A record
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18
Q

SRV (DNS RR)

A
  • service record
  • used to locate a network service i.e. AD
  • includes TCP/UDP port numbers for service
  • clients query DNS SRV records to locate services
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19
Q

PTR (DNS RR)

A
  • pointer record (reverse DNS record)
  • created in reverse lookup zone
  • client queries include IP address
  • host/DNS domain name returned
  • each PTR record should have an associated A record
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20
Q

WINS

A
  • Windows Internet Name Service
  • used in Microsoft TCP/IP networks prior to Windows 2000 to resolve NetBIOS computer names to IP addresses
  • replicated database of NetBIOS computer names and their IP addresses
  • no naming hierarchy
  • installed as a feature on Windows server 2019 for backward compatibility
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21
Q

DNS GlobalNames zone

A
  • client devices can point to a DNS server where a zone “GlobalNames” exists
  • alternative to WINS
  • DNS admins create CNAME records that point to A records
  • enables older software using flat computer names to function through DNS
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22
Q

NTP

A

service running on network host to provide time synchronization

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23
Q

NTP port number

A

listens on UDP 123

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24
Q

stratum 0 (NTP)

A

time source/reference clock

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25
stratum 1 (NTP)
NTP server connected to stratum 0 device
26
stratum 2 (NTP)
NTP server gets time over network from stratum 1 host
27
directory services (DS)
- centralized network database containing objects (users/groups/computers/network service locators/shared folders/shared printers/software licenses) - Microsoft AD DS - OpenLDAP - Oracle Directory Services - IBM Tivoli Directory Server - based on the same LDAP standards
28
LDAP port numbers
- listens on TCP 389 (plaintext) | - listens on TCP 636 (encrypted)
29
AD
- Microsoft active directory - LDAP compliant - replicated network database - synchronized between DCs - group policy - Windows server role - installed via Server Manager or PowerShell cmdlets
30
DC
- domain controller - server configured to hold a replica of the AD database - C:\Windows\Ntds\Ntds.dit - discovered by clients via DNS queries - creation of DC creates DNS service location records
31
web server
- use HTTP/HTTPS to present content to web browser - Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) - Apache - NGINX
32
web server ports
- TCP 80 (HTTP) | - TCP 443 (HTTPS)
33
application server
- serves data with a specific business purpose - often combination of web/database servers - Microsoft SQL Server - MySQL - Oracle Database
34
file server
- data stored on equipment owned/managed by the organization (legal reasons) - Windows servers use SMB to make shared folders available over the network - UNIX/Linux systems use their own network file system (NFS) but can use SMB via Samba
35
print server
- manages printers on a network | - spool print jobs from clients using server disk space
36
cloud printing
- remove any printing dependencies i.e. OS versions/print drivers/printing devices/etc - can be used with mobile devices
37
mail server
- run as services (daemons) - enable connections on specific ports - need to support mobile device connections
38
MDM tools
- mobile device management - mobile device partitioning solutions for personal/work data - restrict file attachments from corporate messages from being stored on personal cloud storage locations - can run on-premise or in cloud
39
SMTP
- simple mail transfer protocol - port 25 - used to transfer email between SMTP hosts
40
POP
- post-office protocol - port 110 - enables clients to download email messages from POP server
41
IMAP
- internet message access protocol - port 143 - enables clients to use different email clients running on different devices to access email - email synchronized between devices
42
multihomed servers
servers with more than 1 interface
43
RRAS
- routing and remote access service - Windows server - configure IPv4/IPv6 routing - NAT - VPN
44
UNIX/Linux RRAS services
- IP routing via ip command - NAT configuration via iptables command - OpenVPN
45
common virtualization solutions
- VMWare vSphere Hypervisor - Microsoft Hyper-V - Citrix Hypervisor - Oracle VM VirtualBox
46
host in virtualization
hypervisor
47
guest in virtualization
VM
48
type 1 hypervisor
- hypervisor has direct access to physical hardware - controls hardware resource access between VMs - bare-metal hypervisor - don't rely on another OS (increased security) - Microsoft Hyper-V - VMware ESXi
49
type 2 hypervisor
- application that runs on top of existing OS - doesn't have direct access to hardware - VMware Workstation Pro - Oracle VM VirtualBox
50
hypervisor host configuration
type of IT workloads running in each VM is most important consideration
51
VM guest configuration
- similar to planning physical hardware for new server - amount of startup/minimum/maximum/dynamic memory - number of vCPUs and compatibility settings - storage - vNICs/connected virtual switches - virtual MAC address - network bandwidth throttling - VLAN tag settings - display settings for number of monitors/accelerated graphics - integration tools with host hypervisor for time synchronization/backup services/etc - snapshot/checkpoint settings
52
bridging (VLAN tag settings)
connects to physical network
53
NAT (VLAN tag settings)
uses hypervisor host IP address to access the network
54
VM to VM (VLAN tag settings)
enable communication only between VMs
55
VM and host (VLAN tag settings)
enables communications between VMs and hypervisor host
56
server installation
- hardware compatibility lists (HCLs) - provide details about which specific hardware is supported by a given server OS - also have to consider specific drivers/applications - server OS minimum requirements
57
server licensing
- open source (Ubuntu Linux) - per server models - per instance models - per core models - volume licensing (Microsoft Key Management Service) - subscription based licensing (AWS/O365/cloud) - per user concurrent licensing - node-locked (tied to specific device) - digital rights management (signature-based used for gaming/use of media files)
58
installing type 1 hypervisor
- most modern type 1 hypervisors require 64-bit architecture/virtualization support - not an issue with server class hardware - firmware updates (BIOS/UEFI) may be required before installation - may have to change boot order is installing from DVD/USB
59
common server OS's
- Microsoft Windows Server - Microsoft Windows Server Embedded (purpose specific hardware appliances) - UNIX BSD/AIX/Solaris - Linux Red Hat/Ubuntu/SUSE
60
server installation from an image
- apply already created image to new physical server or VM - capture server OS image by booting from alternative media and using DISM - multiple images can be stored via Windows Imaging Format (WIM) - specify image with index DISM parameter
61
server installation from image tools
- Ghost Solution Suite - Microsoft System Center Configuration Manager - Microsoft Deployment Toolkit - Microsoft DISM.exe command line tool
62
server cloning
- option to create linked clone (uses minimal disk space/linked to original VM) - linked clone changes made after the clone is created are independent - option to create fully independent clone (uses more disk space) - work well when multiple VMs with same standard initial OS configuration are needed - physical-to-virtual (P2V) cloning uses physical server as the source/results in a VM with same settings
63
VM deployment templates
- can be used to partially/fully automate VM deployment | - specify hardware details/OS options/network settings/etc
64
scripted server installations
- create answer file to automate some/all of the OS installation - unattend.xml file created via Windows System Image Manager (SIM) - name answer file tounattend.xml and place on root of removable media to be automatically read
65
PXE booting
- boot over network from a PXE - enables OS installation from image/installation files - can apply updates to source installation files before install via slipstreaming - must be supported by physical/VM BIOS/UEFI settings and NIC - must have PXE boot server listening on the network - relies on DHCP to assign IP settings to PXE clients - uses trivial file transfer protocol (TFTP) to download a small boot image OS used for installation/imaging - Microsoft Remote Installation Services (RIS) - Windows Deployment Services (WDS) - don't have to carry around storage devices containing installation media - demanding on network bandwidth
66
installation details
- disk layout (partioning/file system formats/swap file/partition) - server name - IP configuration settings - administrative user credentials - additional drivers for nonstandard hardware - product key or subscription details to activate installation/receive updates - additional software that should be installed - all of these can be included in Windows unattend.xml/autounattend.xml files
67
server administration methods
- GUI (MMC) - command line - physical serial ports - remote server administration tools (RSAT)
68
KVM
- switches connect servers to a single keyboard/video/mouse | - KVM solution has to match connectors for devices
69
out-of-band remote administration
- provides hardware-level remote access to a host - doesn't rely on OS software running - more secure than software-based tools
70
WBEM
- web-based enterprise management | - standardized way of managing/monitoring servers/devices from different vendors
71
LOM
- lights out management - remote management solution supported by most vendors - monitoring of server components i.e. CPU use/temperature/OS health/etc
72
KVM over IP
- enables remote server access even over internet - can enable hardware level remote access if supported by server hardware - not dependent on underlying OS - TCP/IP settings must e configured at hardware level to enable remote access across WANs
73
KVM-over-IP switches
hardware appliances with centralized management/auditing tools
74
IPMI
- intelligent platform management interface - remote server management solution - commonly used with various vendor blade enclosures - remote power on/off - disk access - server monitoring/inventory functionality
75
BMC
- baseboard management controller | - interface between server management tools and physical hardware being managed
76
iLO
- integrated lights out - secure remote management capabilities - server monitoring/alert capabilities
77
iDRAC
- integrated Dell remote access - Dell servers - connect to servers at hardware level - web browser interface - remote power on/off - access to server storage media
78
in-band remote administration
relies on software running within OS
79
SSH
- needs server-side listener for clients to be able to connect - standard listening port = TCP 22 - typically used for command line management - can use public key authentication
80
X-forwarding
can be enabled within SSH to redirect graphical UNIX/Linux applications to show on client computer
81
RDP
- listens on UDP/TCP 3389 - newer versions of Windows server supported network level authentication (NLA) for RDP sessions - get command prompt when RDP into server with core OS installed
82
benefits of NLA
- entering username/password uses client resources (not server) - RDP sessions are encrypted with SSL certificate
83
powershell
- depends on Windows remote management (WinRM) service to be configured - desired state configuration (DSC) enables configuring/managing Windows/Linux hosts centrally via a declarative syntax
84
WinRM port numbers
TCP 5985/5986
85
using winrs command outside of powershell
- execute commands remotely on Windows host | - need to ensure WinRM has been enabled
86
automating server administration via scripting
- placing commands in 1 or more script files - invoking the script file - have script invoked automatically during machine bootstrap process
87
server documentation
- each server needs documentation and change log - ideally automated/inventoried in a database - vendor manuals - how solutions have been implemented - keep documentation secure/encrypted
88
asset life cycle
- complete process of establishing new server/resource all the way to decommission/upgrade
89
asset inventory
- modern systems for inventory are automated - physical equipment needs to be labeled or inscribed - RFID tags easier in large environments
90
hardware inventory components
- make/model/serial number - physical server owned/leased - motherboard/device serial numbers - physical/digital asset tag - RAM - storage - network interfaces - peripherals
91
reasons for hardware inventory
- inventory audits - asset tracking - determine asset use - asset repair/warranty - asset recall - asset security
92
software inventory
- specific version of OS/drivers/applications in use - software license compliance - should be automated on scheduled basis
93
SLA
- service level agreement - contract outlining expected service from a provider to consumer - uptime - response time - providers may offer credits when SLA isn't met
94
other documentation
- network infrastructure diagrams - workflow/dataflow/application architecture diagrams - baseline documentation - recovery documentation
95
maintaining servers
- automation - firmware/software updates timely deployed - reports to confirm patches deployed successfully
96
patch management
- critical security updates - functionality updates - centralized update management - Windows Server Update Services (WSUS) - Microsoft System Center Updates Publisher (SCUP) - vendor specific patch management solutions - test updates in controlled environment before deploying them into production
97
proactive maintenance
- keep servers clear of dust - keep obstructions away from intake fans - keep servers cool - plug servers in UPS to ensure graceful shutdown
98
reactive maintenance
- LED indicators on equipment indicate potential issues | - Error/beep codes
99
DNS server root hints
allow for internet name resolution
100
how to encrypt communications between web clients/server
- issue PKI certificate for web server - install certificate on web server - clients don't need PKI certificate for secured web server traffic

Server+ (7 decks)

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