Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Introduction To Cell Physiology And Pharmacology > Session 1. 1 - Flow > Flashcards

Session 1. 1 - Flow Flashcards

1
Q

What is physiology

A

The physics of living systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is physiology at all levels

A

Involves the study of the flow of matter and energy within and between body systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does what happens at the whole body level reflect processes at a cellular level?

A

. What

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do physiologic processes such as flow require

A

Energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What forms of energy flow between each other

A

Potential energy and kinetic energy energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are diseases processes

A

Disturbances to normal flow and utilisation of the body’s energy resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Interactions are

A

Functional - systems interact to perform work
Dynamic
Very organised directed flow of matter and energy within bio-electrical fields
Flow requires precise control and regulation
Cellular activity is directed and regulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why is flow relevant to medicine

A

In every body system, flow is a clinical measurement to determine health and disease
Eg: pulmonary, CV, GI, renal
If blood stops or food blocked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of pulmonary flow

A

Enable respiratory gas flow
Supply of O2 + removal of CO2 - depending on level of activity
Flows through tracheal -> bronchial-> alveoli
Transfer matched to Cv flow - exercise, so increased demand increased flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How to measure pulmonary flow

A

Lung capacity (volume)
Peak expiratiry flow rate - how fast gases can move through the airways
Airway resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What process do you think of when diagnosing all flow

A

Where is functional deficits?

Listen - measure - imaging - oximetry (eg: how saturated oxygen levels are)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why might there be airway resistance

A

Accumulation of fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the possible causes of pulmonary deficit

A

Asthma
COPD
COVID 19

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How to treat pulmonary flow

A

Steroids

Cell butamole - increase diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of cardiovascular flow

A

Supply of O2 and removal of CO2
Supply of nutrients to support metabolism, growth, repair
Removal of waste products
Flow matched to demand
Flows heart/lungs - arteries - arterioles - capillaries - venules - veins
Pulmonary flow matched to CV flow, increased demand, increased flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How to measure CV flow

A 
ECG - measure of pump efficiency(changes in electrical field), 
Heart rate x stroke volume = cardiac output (lub dug)
Blood pressure 
Blood biochemistry (cholesterol and resistance to flow)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are diseases associated with CV deficit

A

CHD
High BP
Cardiac related atherosclerosis

Could use stent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Diagnosis determines

A

Whether to use therapeutics - drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are examples of flow at the molecular level

A

Membrane transporters/channels - regulate flow selectively
Nerve action potent toon - spatial-temporal control of Na+ and K+, type of electrochemical flow
Information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is potential energy

A

Stored in chemical bonds

Energy released in reaction (ectothermic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is potential energy used for

A

Found in the phosphate bond in ATP
concentration gradients across cell membranes, electrochemical gradient I - generates membrane potential
Electrochemical gradient 2 - source for secondary active trasnport
Electric field - act on voltage sensitive proteins
Elastic PE - held in molecular structures for release as mechanical energy, directed movement of structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The release of PE

A

needs to match the demand for KE - flow control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is kinetic energy

A

Held in chemical bonds
When broken thermal energy from exothermic reactions is released which can be converted into random Brownian motion (disorganised flow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is KE used for

A

Chemical gradient - movement across membrane
Electrochemical gradient - current flow across membrane
Electrochemical energy 2 - current flow+ co transport = secondary active transport
Electrical field - field movement, when moved, there are conformational changes in voltage sensitive proteins
Elastic energy - released as mechanic energy, bring about conformation changes like in actin/myosin, when synchronised, macromolecular movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Why is glucose considered high energy source
Due to the potential energy present in the C-H bonds and C-O
26
How much energy is given off as heat when mitochondria converts glucose to ATP
60% - keep core body temperature
27
What is potential energy in the form of
Chemical bonds | Concentration gradient across membrane
28
How do small molecules move around
Random motion Eg: H2O, Na+ - rapid brownish motion Fast
29
How do larger molecules move around
Slower | Eg: phospholipids, proteins
30
What type of substances can move across a membrane due to the energy provided by the electrochemical gradient
Lipid soluble hydrophobic or small polar - O2, CO2, H20 = diffusion Large polar/ions = facilitated diffusion (need KE form and a protein to bind to) Both some degree of random motion Rate is proportional to temperature
31
How does the sodium/potassium ATPase work?
At rest - uses 30-35% of ATP The chemical bond PE in ATP enables conformational change in ATPase to drive ions against their gradients Carriers 3na out and 2k into cell This is electrogenic - contributes to the electrochemical gradient across the cell
32
What drives the electrochemical gradient in primary active transport
The sodium/potassium ATPase
33
The electrical chemical chadienr is a important source of
PE | And has an associated Electric field - further source of PE
34
What is the Na+/K+ ATPase
Primary active transporter
35
All cells have a
Membrane potential
36
Outside the membrane
Positive
37
Inside the membrane
Negative
38
Due to the difference in electrochemical gradient
Current flow occurs Movement of ions down the gradient (Na in, K out)= membrane potential Causes localised changes in membrane voltage
39
How and why do sodium ion and potassium ion channels regulate flow in primary active transport
Precisely timed, sometime Na+ dominates (action potential) and sometime K+ dominates (hyper polarisation) Action potential gives rises to non degrades signal carriage in excitable cells/tissues, which enables synchronous muscle contraction
40
Action potentials are also known as
Neuronal spikes
41
What drives the electrochemical gradient in xeoncdary active transport
Na+/K+ ATPase Eg: in intestinal epithelial glucose transport Lots of sodium ions travel out and cause confirmational change to drive co-transport of glucose inside the cell
42
What energy source is used for secondary active transport
Potential energy - more accessible than ATP and more sodium ions to do work than ATP so mobile
43
What happens as ions move down their gradient in secondary active transport
Use KE to drive conformational change in transporter protein (or can use specific trasnport proteins)
44
All cell have an
Electrical field across their membrane
45
Where do ions sit on an electrical field at rest
Negative inside Positive outside - separated by a boundary So large electrochemical gradient - source of PE
46
How do electrical fields allow specific ions through voltage sensitive channels
When ions move the electrical field moves within them, attached to current carrier, Na+, detected by voltage sensitive proteins, changes in electrical field causes voltage gated channels to depolarise and undergo conformational change which opens, allow specific ions through so current to flow
47
Electrical field change can bring about change in
Confirmation change in channels that are sensitive to it
48
How does ECG work
ECG reflects very large current and field changes The shape of the ECG reflects ion movement and cardiac function MEASURES FLOW
49
Elastic energy is released as
Mechanic energy when it springs back to lower ernegry confirmation, underpins storage in proteins
50
With phosphorylation of the protein what happens to PE and elastic energy
Both higher
51
Stages of potential energy -> kinetic energy
Phosphorylation - higher elastic energy Elastic -> conformational change Elastic -> released as mechanical energy (makes KE)-> release Na+ Uptake of K+ - loss of phosphate bond - mechanical energy return to lower energy state (uses KE) Thus, a cycle and flow maintained
52
Elastic energy to mechanical energy
Muscle contraction - energy converted to mechanical energy 1. ATP binds to myosin and out in high energy state in cocked position 2. Myosin binds to exposed actin site losing ADP and P 3. Myosin heads move and perform power stroke back to lower energy confirmation = mechanical energy Synchronised so regulated flow of released elastic energy/PE which is then converted to ME
53
What is another example of PE-> KE or elastic -> mechanical
Release fo elastic energy stored in kinesin
54
What does signalling mean
Carry precise meaning within the system | Modulated by other signalling molecules and voltages
55
What is the classification of signalling molecules
Endogenous - within the body, eg: adrenaline, thyroid - neurotransmitters Exogenous 1 - natural - plant based like morphine Exogenous 11 - synthetic - man made
56
What is clinical pharmacology based on
Understanding of endogenous signalling molecules and their cellular targets
57
What are the main extracellular signalling groups
Endocrine Paracrine Autocrine
58
What are the purpose of extra cellular signalling molecules
Communication | Working in synchrony with a common purpose for the whole body
59
What is the endocrine system
A set of glands that produce hormones that act as signalling molecules into the blood - highly potent Act over long distances Cells need to express receptors for these hormones
60
What is the function of the neuroendocrine system
``` Regulation: Digestion Metabolism/respiration Growth Behaviours ```
61
What happens in disease to our endocrine system
The synthesis, release and degradation are no longer controlled and feedback mechanisms fails
62
What are the properties of amine hormones
Amino acid derivative Small charged hydrophilic Receptors in plasma membrane
63
What are the properties of peptides and proteins hormones
Hydrophilic Short chain to many Receptors in plasma membrane
64
What are the properties of steroid hormones
Common derivatives from cholesterol | Receptors are intracellular as lipid soluble (lipophilic)
65
Which type of hormone has the fastest plasma half life and time course of action
Catecholamines - seconds Peptides and proteins - minutes Steroids - hours
66
What are the mechanisms of catecholamines
Cause change in membrane potential | Trigger synthesis of second messengers
67
What are the mechanisms of peptides and proteins
Trigger synthesis of second messengers | Trigger protein kinase activity - change in DNA
68
What are the mechanisms of steroids
Receptor-hormones complex controls transcription and stability of mRNA
69
What are paracrine signalling molecules
Signalling from cell to cell Released into extracellular environment and induce changes in receptor cell Causes changes in behaviour or differentiation
70
What is an example of a paracrine signalling molecule
Neurotransmitter
71
How do neurotransmitters work as signalling molecules
Over a synapse One way transmission of signal There is an electrochemical signal which is proportional to the presynapric electrical field
72
What are the different types of neurotransmitter signalling molecules
Monamines, amino acids, acetylcholine
73
What are the primary signalling roles of neurotransmitters
Excitation - signal increase post synapticalky Inhibitory - signal decrease post synapticalky Neurones can summate to maintain fine control
74
What is the signalling function of acetylcholine
Excitably at the end of the organ
75
What are the types of neurotransmitter under the group monoamines
Adrenaline Noradrenaline Dopamine Serotonin
76
What is the signalling function of adrenaline
Excitatory
77
What is the signalling function of noradrenaline
Excitatory
78
What is the signalling function of dopamine
Excitatory and inhibitory
79
What is the signalling function of serotonin
Excitatory
80
What are the types of neurotransmitter found under the group of amino acids
Glutamate Glycine GABA
81
What is the signalling function of glutamate
Excitatory
82
What is the signalling function of glycine
Mainly inhibitory
83
What is the signalling function of GABA
Inhibitory
84
What does receptor mean
Do not represent the only site for therapeutic drug action To indicate a particular type of drug target Has to be activated by a ligand or a signalling molecule
85
What happens when a signalling molecule binds with its target and what can signalling molecules do
Endogenous and exogenous signalling molecules - bring about change in functional status of target cells This can cause another chemical or electrochemical signal to be produced which helps signal processing, perform a signal dependent task - transport or synthesis, direct interconversion between PE and KE
86
What is specific to endogenous signalling molecules binding to their target
Bind to receptors Carry and transfer signal Most are agonists - put receptor into an active state
87
What is specific to exogenous signalling molecules binding to their target
To carry imposter signal Fit is less optimal Act as antagonists - blocks or attenuated signal - important in therapeutics Side effects are possible Can be manufactured from endogenous molecules
88
What are the targets of signalling molecules in therapeutics (drug targets)
Receptors - different, ligand gated Ion channels - voltage gated Transporters Enzymes Gated channels governed by allosteric modulation Exception - chemotherapy drug where target is a protein or DNA
89
What are the four drug target classes of receptors
Kinase linked receptors Ion channels (ligand gated) Nuclear/intracellular G-protein coupled receptors
90
All receptors need a
Ligand or signalling molecule that activated them
91
How do ligand gated ion channels work
When bound with ligand - current - channel open and ions enter via facilitated diffusion - hyper polarisation or depolarisation - cellular effects Milliseconds Eg: nicotine can, ACh receptors
92
How do kinase linked receptors work
Mediate signals from a wide range of protein molecules such as hormones Act via phosphorylation - signalling cascade - gene transcription - protein synthesis - cellular effects Hours Eg: cytokine receptors or hormones
93
How do nuclear receptors work
Lipid soluble steroid hormones bind to ligand receptor complex - enter nucleus and act as gene transcription factor - protein synthesis - cellular effects Hours Eg: oestrogen receptors
94
How do G protein coupled receptors work
3 types - GS, GI and GQ - activate different intercellular routes Bring about changes in metabolism Seconds Eg: muscarinic receptors for acetylcholine
95
What are the targets of signalling molecules in voltage gated ion channels
``` Selective flow of ion currents down its electrochemical gradient Na K Ca Cl ```
96
How are voltage gated ion channels regulated
Modulated by phosphorylation - bring about change in conformation The therapeutic effect occurs when binding using exogenous channel blockers Eg: Na+/Ca+ channel blockers for epilepsy chronic pain, migraine Opposite: GABA Cl- channel agonists for epilepsy
97
What do transporter/carrier proteins do
Transport of ions/small molecules by facilitated diffusion Active transport if needed when going against gradient, use ATP for energy or to establish gradient Eg: many across GI tract, renal tubules Serotonin when inhibited - treat mood disorders by targeting transporters
98
What do enzymes do
Signal processing Transformation Synthesis Degradation
99
How do you target enzymes
Competitive inhibition - bind to active site, eg: aspirin reduces prostaglandin synthesis ACE inhibitor - reduce levels of angiotensin - decrease BP
100
King Richard is the
RITE - four major groups | KLING - subdivision of receptors (to power) - L is ligand gated

Introduction To Cell Physiology And Pharmacology (36 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions