Session 1

Question 1

Define Isotonic

Answer 1

Normal. No NET change

Question 2

Define Hypotonic

Answer 2

Dilute. Water moves into the cell

Question 3

Define Hypertonic

Answer 3

Concentrated. Water moves out of the cell

Question 4

Define Osmolality

Answer 4

Solute per kg of solvent. Measured in milli - osmoles

Question 5

Define Osmolarity

Answer 5

The number of osmoles per solute per litre

Question 6

What does the pH balance depend on?

Answer 6

Hydrogen carbonate in the plasma

Question 7

What is ultra filtrate made of?

Answer 7

Water
Ions
All small molecules

Question 8

Define retroperitoneal?

Answer 8

Outside of the peritoneum. In the case of the Kidneys, they are also posterior to it.

Question 9

What is the perenchyma made of?

Answer 9

The Cortex and Medulla of the kidney

Question 10

What is the main role of the Glomerulus?

Answer 10

It filters the blood.

Question 11

What are the main properties of the Proximal Convoluted Tubule?

Answer 11

It is in the Cortex of the kidney and has lots of mitochindria, a large surface area and lots of microvilli

Question 12

Where in the kidney is the Loop of Henle?

Answer 12

In the outer Medulla, it then dips into the inner medulla.

Question 13

Where is the Distal Convoluted tubule?

Answer 13

In the cortex

Question 14

Where is the collecting duct?

Answer 14

Passes through the medulla

Question 15

What forces small molecules through the Glomerulus?

Answer 15

The constant filtration pressure in the capillaries

Question 16

What arteriole enters the Glomerulus?

Answer 16

The afferent arteriole

Question 17

What arteriole exits the Glomerulus?

Answer 17

The efferent arteriole

Question 18

What determines the filtration rate?

Answer 18

The filtration pressure which is set by the afferent and efferent arterioles

Question 19

What is the main site of reabsorption in the Kidney?

Answer 19

The Proximal convoluted tubule. It is non variable reabsorption

Question 20

What are the Peritubular capillaries?

Answer 20

The end product of the efferent arteriole. The reabsorbed materials leave by this.

Question 21

What is special about the epithelial cells in the nephron tubules?

Answer 21

They are polarised

Question 22

What is the main role of the Loop of Henle?

Answer 22

Reabsorption of water and salt. Using counter current multiplication

Question 23

What is Diuresis?

Answer 23

When large volumes of dilute urine are produced

Question 24

What is important about the location of the Distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 24

It passes very close to the Glomerulus which is important for the communication of both

Question 25

How does the Distal convoluted tubule reabsorb nutrients?

Answer 25

It has variable reabsorption of nutrients by using H+ ions

Question 26

What causes the high osmolarity environment of the medulla?

Answer 26

The Loop of Henle. The collecting ducts passes through this

Question 27

What does the Renin angiotensin system control?

Answer 27

Reabsorption of Na+ and therefore control of extra cellular fluid

Question 28

What hormone controls osmolarity?

Answer 28

The anti diuretic hormone

Question 29

Where is the site of excretion in the body?

Answer 29

The Kidneys