Session 1-Haemodynamics

Question 1

What is the fluid collected from unclotted blood called?

Answer 1

Plasma

Question 2

What is the fluid collected from clotted blood called?

Answer 2

Serum

Question 3

What is serum?

Answer 3

Plasma - clotting factors (in particular fibrinogen)

Question 4

Which cells are in the buffy coat?

Answer 4

WBCs

Platelets

Question 5

What is peripheral resistance?

Answer 5

Resistance of the arteries to blood flow ie. as arteries constrict, resistance increases and as they dilate, resistance decreases

Question 6

What is the commonest cause of increase in plasma viscosity and therefore whole blood viscosity?

Answer 6

Multiple myeloma (cancer of plasma cells)

Question 7

What is the name of the condition caused by an increase in RBCs?

Answer 7

Polycythaemia

Question 8

What is the name of the condition caused by an increase in platelets?

Answer 8

Thrombocythaemia

Question 9

What is the name of the condition caused by an increase in WBCs?

Answer 9

Leukaemia

Question 10

Complete the sentence:

Marked increase in plasma viscosity can lead to _____________ whole blood viscosity and __________ of blood in peripheries.

Answer 10

Increased

Sludging

Question 11

What can minor changes in plasma viscosity be a result of?

Answer 11

Raised levels of acute phase plasma proteins

Question 12

Give examples of acute phase plasma proteins

Answer 12

Fibrinogen
Complement factors
C-reactive protein

Question 13

What do acute phase proteins increase in response to?

Answer 13

Inflammation

Question 14

True or false: minor changes in plasma viscosity can be used to ‘measure’ the inflammatory response

Answer 14

TRUE

Question 15

What is the difference between flow and velocity of blood?

Answer 15

Flow is the volume of blood moving per unit time

Velocity is the distance blood travels per unit time

Question 16

What are the two types of blood flow?

Answer 16

Laminar

Turbulent

Question 17

What is laminar flow?

Answer 17

Blood usually flows in streamlines with each layer of blood remaining the same distance from the wall

Question 18

When laminar flow occurs, velocity of blood in the centre of a vessel is greater than that toward the outer edge. What does this create?

Answer 18

Parabolic profile

Question 19

What is turbulent flow?

Answer 19

Blood flowing in all directions in the vessel and continually mixing within the vessel

Question 20

When does turbulent blood flow occur? (4)

Answer 20

1) when rate of blood flow is too great
2) when it passes by an obstruction in a vessel
3) when it makes a sharp turn
4) when it passes over a rough surface

Question 21

What is the name given to the sound of turbulence in a peripheral artery?

Answer 21

Bruit

Question 22

What is the name given to the feeling of turbulence?

Answer 22

Thrill

Question 23

What is pulse pressure?

Answer 23

Peak systolic pressure - end diastolic pressure

Question 24

How can mean arterial pressure be calculated from a descending aorta pressure tracing?

Answer 24

Area under the graph

Question 25

How can the mean arterial pressure be estimated?

Answer 25

Diastolic pressure + 1/3 of pulse pressure

Question 26

What does it mean if the mean arterial pressure falls below 70mmHg?

Answer 26

Organ perfusion is impaired

Question 27

What is the pulse more accurately described as?

Answer 27

Shock wave that arrives slightly before the blood itself

Question 28

What determines the strength or volume of the pulse? (2)

Answer 28

1) force with which left ventricle ejects blood into the arterial system 2) pulse pressure

Question 29

What can reduced pulse volume result from? (3)

Answer 29

1) Left ventricular failure 2) Aortic valve stenosis 3) Hypovolaemia (severe dehydration, bleeding)

Question 30

What is a pulse with reduced volume described as?

Answer 30

Thready

Question 31

What is a strong pulse described as?

Answer 31

Bounding

Question 32

True or false: Tachycardia widens pulse pressure and leads to a bounding pulse

Answer 32

FALSE - bradycardia (such as heart block), not tachycardia

Question 33

Complete the sentence: _____ peripheral resistance lowers diastolic pressure and therefore ____________ pulse pressure

Answer 33

Low | Increases

Question 34

What are some examples of low peripheral resistance?

Answer 34

Hot bath Exercise Pregnancy

Question 35

What is the pulse obliteration pressure?

Answer 35

Systolic pressure (when pulse disappears)

Question 36

What does a phase I sound indicate?

Answer 36

Systolic pressure

Question 37

What does a phase V sound indicate?

Answer 37

Diastolic pressure