Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Semester 2-CVS > Session 2-The Heart As A Pump > Flashcards

Session 2-The Heart As A Pump Flashcards

(71 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What do capacitance vessels allow?

A

Allow the system to vary the amount of blood pumped around the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do resistance vessels do?

A

Restrict blood flow to drive supply to hard to perfume areas of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Give an example of resistance vessels

A

Arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

True or false:

The heart is two pumps acting in series

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

True or false:

The systemic circulation has low pressure

A

FALSE - systemic circulation has high pressure, pulmonary circulation has low pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Does the output of the left and right sides of the heart over time have to be equal?

A

YES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do atria act as for the ventricles?

A

“Priming pumps”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens in systole?

A

Contraction and ejection of blood from the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens in diastole?

A

Relaxation and filling of ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

At rest, how much blood does the ventricle pump per beat and what is this called?

A

~70ml

Stroke volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What type of cell is a cardiac muscle cell?

A

Functional syncytium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How are functional syncytiums connected?

A

By gap junctions so that action potential can pass readily and quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In heart muscle cells, what does an action potential cause a rise in?

A

Intracellular calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Complete the sentence:

Cardiac action potential is relatively _____ and lasts for the duration of a single contraction of the heart (~____ms)

A

Long

280

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which four valves determine the pathway of blood flow through the heart?

A

1) tricuspid valve
2) pulmonary valve
3) mitral valve
4) aortic valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which of the four valves have two leaflets as opposed to three?

A

Mitral valve (also called the bicuspid valve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which are the valves on the right side of the heart?

A 
Tricuspid valve (in)
Pulmonary valve (out)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which are the valves on the left side of the heart?

A

Mitral (in)

Aortic (out)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the opening and closing of a valve depend on?

A

Blood pressure on each side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why do valve cusps close?

A

To prevent backflow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the cusps of mitral and tricuspid valves attached to and what does this prevent?

A

PAPILLARY muscles via CHORDAE TENDINEAE

Prevents inversion of valves on systole.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What type of cells are in the sinoatrial node?

A

Pacemaker cells (specialised cardiac myocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do the cells in the SAN (sinoatrial node) do?

A

Generate an action potential and the activity spreads over the atria, stimulating atrial systole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why is the activity delayed at the atrioventricular node for ~120ms?

A

To allow the atria to finish contracting before the ventricles contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Complete the sentences: From the AV node, the excitation spreads down the ________ between the ventricles. Next, it spreads through the ventricular myocardium from the inner (___________) to the outer (____________) surface.
Septum Endocardial Epicardial
26
What are the seven phases of the cardiac cycle?
1) atrial contraction 2) isovolumetric contraction 3) rapid ejection 4) reduced ejection 5) isovolumetric relaxation 6) rapid filling 7) reduced filling
27
On the Wiggers diagram, at which point does the cycle start?
Atrial contraction
28
What is the difference between a Wiggers diagram for the left and right sides of the heart?
Very similar but right side would be at lower pressures
29
What is the A wave?
When atrial pressure rises due to atrial systole
30
Which valves are open during atrial contraction?
Mitral | Tricuspid
31
What is the term for the volume at the end of phase 1 when ventricular volumes are maximal?
End-diastolic volume (EDV)
32
True or false: Atrial contraction accounts for the final ~10-20% of ventricular filling and this value varies with age and exercise
TRUE
33
What does the P wave on an ECG signify?
Onset of atrial depolarisation
34
Why is phase 2 called "isovolumetric"?
All valves are closed so there is no change in ventricular volume
35
When does the mitral valve close?
When intraventricular pressure exceeds atrial pressure
36
What causes the C wave in the atrial pressure curve?
The closing of the mitral valve
37
What does QRS complex in ECG signify?
Onset of ventricular depolarisation
38
What gives rise to the first heart sound (S1)?
Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves
39
Which valves are open in phase 3 of the cardiac cycle?
Aortic | Pulmonary
40
When does ejection begin in phase 3 of the cardiac cycle?
When the intraventricular pressure exceeds the pressure within the aorta, causing the aortic valve to open
41
What is the X descent in phase 3?
Atrial pressure initially decreases as the atrial vase is pulled downward as the ventricle contracts
42
Which valves are open in phase 4 of the cardiac cycle?
Aortic | Pulmonary
43
What is the V wave in phase 4?
Atrial pressure gradually rises due to continued venous return from the lungs
44
What depicts ventricular repolarisation in ECG?
T wave
45
Which valves are open in phase 5?
NONE
46
Why is there brief backflow of blood in phase 5?
Intraventricular pressure falls below aortic pressure and aortic valve shuts
47
What causes the dicrotic notch in the aortic pressure curve?
Valve closure
48
What is the equation for stroke volume?
EDV - ESV (end systolic volume)
49
Which valves are open in phase 6?
Mitral | Tricuspid
50
What is the Y descent in phase 6?
Fall in atrial pressure that occurs after opening of the mitral valve
51
What results in the second heart sound (S2)?
Closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves in phase 5
52
What could a third heart sound be a sign of?
Heart failure
53
True or false: A third heart sound is normal in children
TRUE
54
Which valves are open in phase 7?
Mitral | Tricuspid
55
Where are abnormal valve functions most common?
Mitral valve | Aortic valve
56
What is stenosis?
When the valve doesn't open enough and there is obstruction to the blood flow
57
What is regurgitation?
When the valve doesn't close all the way and there is backflow of blood
58
What is regurgitation also called? (2)
Incompetence | Insufficiency
59
What are the three causes of aortic valve stenosis?
1) Degenerative (senile calcification/fibrosis) 2) Congenital (bicuspid rather than tricuspid form of valve) 3) Chronic rheumatic fever - inflammation-commissural fusion
60
In aortic valve stenosis, what does an increased LV pressure result in?
LV hypertrophy
61
In aortic valve stenosis, what does left sided heart failure lead to? (2)
1) syncope | 2) angina
62
In aortic valve stenosis, RBCs can get damaged. What can this lead to?
Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia
63
What are the two causes of aortic valve regurgitation?
1) Aortic root dilation (leaflets pulled apart) | 2) Valvular damage (endocarditis rheumatic fever)
64
True or false: Aortic valve regurgitation decreases systolic pressure and increases diastolic pressure
FALSE - increases systolic and decreases diastolic
65
What is Quincke's sign?
When the nail beds blanch and flush in response to aortic valve regurgitation
66
What normally prevents prolapse in systole?
Chordae tendineae and papillary muscles
67
What can weaken tissue and lead to prolapse?
Myxomatous degeneration
68
What causes mitral valve regurgitation? (3)
1) damage to papillary muscle after MI 2) left sided heart failure leading to LV dilation which can stretch valve 3) rheumatic fever can lead to leaflet fibrosis which disrupts seal formation
69
What is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis?
Rheumatic fever (99.9% cases)
70
In mitral valve stenosis, increased LA pressure leads to which three conditions? And what do all of these result in?
1) pulmonary oedema 2) dyspnea 3) pulmonary hypertension RV hypertrophy
71
In mitral valve stenosis, increased LA pressure leads to LA dilation. Which two conditions can this result in and what can these conditions lead to?
1) atrial fibrillation leads to thrombus formation | 2) oesophagus compression leads to dysphagia

Semester 2-CVS (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions