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Semester 2-PP > Session 1-Intro > Flashcards

Session 1-Intro Flashcards

1
Q

What is disease?

A

Pathological condition of a body part, organ or system, characterised by an identifiable group of signs of symptoms

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2
Q

What is pathology?

A

Study of disease and cellular dysfunction

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3
Q

What is the importance of a microscopic diagnosis?

A

Definitive and is used before major surgery to remove a lesion

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4
Q

True or false: histology is faster and cheaper than cytology

A

FALSE - other way round

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5
Q

Where can serous carcinoma be found? (5)

A

1) ovary
2) Fallopian tube
3) uterus
4) cervix
5) peritoneum

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6
Q

What is tissue autolysis?

A

Self-digestion, begins when the blood supply is cut off

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7
Q

How can the biochemical process of autolysis be blocked?

A

Fixatives

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8
Q

What do fixatives do? (3)

A

1) inactivate tissue enzymes and denature proteins
2) prevent bacterial growth
3) harden tissue

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9
Q

Which chemical is used in fixation?

A

Formalin (formaldehyde in water)

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10
Q

How long does fixation take?

A

24-48 hours

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11
Q

How can the tissue be made hard enough to be able to take very thin slices?

A

Paraffin wax is used. Water has to be removed first:

  • Dehydration using alcohol
  • Replace alcohol with xylene which mixes with wax
  • Replace xylene wth molten paraffin wax
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12
Q

What is used to cut very thin sections of tissue?

A

Microtome

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13
Q

What is used to stain the tissue?

A

Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E)

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14
Q

What does haematoxylin stain?

A

Nuclei purple

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15
Q

What does eosin stain?

A

Cytoplasm and CT pink

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16
Q

What is immunohistochemistry?

A

Demonstrates substances in/on cells by labelling them with specific antibodies

17
Q

What happens in immunohistochemistry?

A

Antibody is joined to an enzyme that catalyses a colour-producing reaction (usually brown)

18
Q

Which substances can be demonstrated in immunohistochemistry? (5)

A

Antigenic substances:

1) actin-identifies smooth muscle
2) cadherins-cell adhesion molecules, deficient in some carcinomas
3) hormone receptors eg ER, PR
4) Her2 receptor-growth factor receptor, predicts response of breast cancer to Herceptin
5) microorganisms

19
Q

What are cytokeratins?

A

Family of intracellular fibrous proteins present in all epithelia

20
Q

What are cytokeratins a marker for?

A

Epithelial differentiation

21
Q

What can cytokeratins give information about?

A

Primary site of carcinoma

22
Q

What does molecular pathology study?

A

How diseases are caused by alterations in normal cellular molecular biology

23
Q

What do in situ molecular tests show?

A

How DNA is altered in tissues prepared for microscopy eg FISH

24
Q

What can the sequencing of DNA purified from tumour tissue show?

A

If mutation is present in a particular gene

25
Q

Why aren’t frozen sections used often?

A

Morphology is not as good as in paraffin sections and accuracy is ~96%

Semester 2-PP (13 decks)

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