Session 1-microscopy,Epithelium,biopsy and staining techniques

Question 1

What is the unit Agstrom (A) 10 to the power of?

Answer 1

10 to the minus 10

Question 2

What is a biopsy?

Answer 2

Removal of small piece of tissue from organ or body for microscopic examination

Question 3

What is a smear test and what tissues is it used on?

Answer 3

Collect cells by exfoliation-smear on slide. Cervix, Buccal cavity

Question 4

What is curettage and which tissue is it used on?

Answer 4

Remove tissue by scooping or scraping. Endometrial lining of uterus

Question 5

What tissues is a needle used on?

Answer 5

Brain,breast,liver,kidney,muscle

Question 6

Where is direct incision used to remove tissue?

Answer 6

Skin,mouth,larynx

Question 7

Where are endoscopes used to remove tissue?

Answer 7

Lung,intestine,bladder

Question 8

What compounds are used to fix tissue?

Answer 8

Water, ethanol and then embedded into wax with xylene/toluene

Question 9

What causes shrinkage artefacts?

Answer 9

Dehydration then rehydration of slide

Question 10

What colour does haemotoxylin stain acidic components of cells? (E.g. RNA and dna)

Answer 10

Purple/blue

Question 11

What colour does eosin stain basic cell components? (E.g. Cytoplasmic proteins, extracellular fibres)

Answer 11

Pink

Question 12

What colour does pas (periodic acid schiff) stain carbohydrates and glycoproteins?

Answer 12

Magenta

Question 13

What is phase contrast?

Answer 13

Combines light waves to enhance image of unstained cells

Question 14

What is confocal staining?

Answer 14

Tissue labelled with one or more fluorescent probes

Question 15

What are the advantages of confocal methods?

Answer 15

Make 3D images, live specimens

Question 16

What kind of surfaces have epithelial linings?

Answer 16

Skin-(exterior), (interior exposed to exterior)-GI tract, rest tract, gut, (interior not open to exterior)-pericardial sac,pleural sac, peritoneum, blood and lymph vessels

Question 17

Give some examples of locations of simple squamous epithelia.

Answer 17

Line blood vessels (endothelium), lining body cavities (mesothelium), bowmans capsule, loop of henle, alveoli

Question 18

Give some functions of simple squamous epithelium

Answer 18

Lubrication(mesothelium),gas exchange(alveoli),barrier(bowmans capsule),active transport as pinocytosis (mesothelium and endothelium)

Question 19

What is histology?

Answer 19

Study of structures of tissues using staining and microscopy

Question 20

Where would you find simple cuboidal epithelia?

Answer 20

Thyroid follicles,small ducts of exocrine glands,kidney Tubules (collecting duct)

Question 21

Where would you find simple columnar epithelia?

Answer 21

Stomach lining,small intestine and large intestines (colon),gallbladder

Question 22

Functions of simple columnar epithelia?

Answer 22

Absorption,secretion,lubrication,transport

Question 23

Where would you find simple pseudostratified epithelia?

Answer 23

Lining of nasal cavity

Question 24

What is stratified?

Answer 24

More than one cell layer thick

Question 25

Where would you find stratified non keratinised squamous cells?

Answer 25

Oral cavity,larynx,vagina

Question 26

What are the functions of non keratinised stratified squamous cells?

Answer 26

Protect against abrasion, reduces water loss

Question 27

Where would you find keratinised stratified squamous cells?

Answer 27

Surface of skin

Question 28

Where would you find stratified transitional cells?

Answer 28

Renal calyces (chambers of the kidney through which urine passes), ureters,urethras,bladder

Question 29

Where is the basement membrane situated?

Answer 29

Lies between epithelial cells and connective tissue

Question 30

What is the structure of a basement membrane?

Answer 30

Basal lamina (extra cellular matrix-molecules that provide structure to surrounding cells)

Question 31

What is the function of a basement membrane?

Answer 31

Strong flexible layer to which epi cells adhere to